Fast signature scan

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for scanning signatures in a string field. In one implementation, the invention provides a method for signature scanning. The method includes receiving a particular string field, scanning the particular string field for a plurality of signatures using a larger scan step size, scanning the particular string field for the remaining signatures that are shorter than what can be scanned by the larger scan step size separately either using the same scanning method but a smaller scan step size or using a different scan method and the same or a smaller scan step size, and outputting any identified signatures in the particular string field.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a reissue of U.S. application Ser. No. 13,893,269,which is an application for reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 9,471,661, whichclaims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/902,244, whichwas filed on Oct. 12, 2010, which claims the benefit to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/254,676, which was filed on Oct. 20, 2008, whichclaims the benefit to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/982,057, whichwas filed on Nov. 5, 2004, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/518,032, which wasfiled on Nov. 7, 2003. The disclosure of the above applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to scanning signatures in a string field.

A digital content entity (e.g., a file, a program, a web page, an email,an IP package, or a digital image) can include one or more stringfields. A string field is a string of data values that typically standfor characters or execution codes. For example an IP packet can includeURL, HOST, HTTP header, HTTP payload, email attachments, email header,and email payload fields. The size of a string field can vary from a fewbytes to a few million bytes or more. A string signature is either aparticular fully-specified sequence of data values or a particularexpression (e.g., a particular regular expression) of data valuesidentifying a string object (e.g., a particular computer virus or aspecific genetic sequence). String signatures can be stored in a stringsignature database. The string signature database can include multiplestring signatures. The size of a single string signature can vary from afew bytes to thousands of bytes.

Both string signatures and string field are bit strings that can includemany basic units. A basic unit is a smallest unit having a semanticmeaning, and is therefore used as a scanning unit in conventional stringsignature scan techniques. A size of the basic unit can vary withapplication. For example, a basic unit of English text strings istypically 8 bits (i.e., one byte) while a basic unit of a computer virussignature is typically a byte or a half byte.

Each basic unit in a particular string signature can be specified asequal or unequal to a specific value, or a range of values (e.g., anumerical character or an alphabetic character can have a specific valueor a range of values such as 0-9 or a-z). The basic unit can bespecified to be either case-sensitive or case-insensitive. The stringsignature can support simple logic operations (e.g., negation).Furthermore, each string signature can include a wildcard designated by,for example, a “*” (a “variable-size” symbol) or “?” (a fixed-sizesymbol), where “*” indicates zero or more arbitrary basic units and “?”indicates a single arbitrary basic unit. For each variable-size symbol,a range of arbitrary basic units can be further specified. When a stringsignature includes the variable-size symbol, the size of the stringsignature is variable. If the string signature does not include avariable-size symbol, the size of the string signature is fixed.

A typical signature scan process can include comparing a string fieldagainst corresponding string signatures in a database for all possiblelocations within the string field. The scan speed is typically limitedby signature size and complexity. In addition, scan speed can be limitedby the ability to update the signatures incrementally.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods for scanning signatures in a string field. Ingeneral, one aspect of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in methods for string signature scanningthat include the actions of processing one or more signatures into oneor more formats that include one or more fingerprints and one or morefollow-on search data structures for each fixed-size signature or eachfixed-size signature substring of a variable-size signature, the one ormore fingerprints including a J^(th) fingerprint for a particularfixed-size signature or signature substring having a first basic unit ina scanning direction at a location within the particular fixed-sizesignature or signature substring that has a remainder equaling J whendivided by a step size for a signature scanning operation such that thenumber of fingerprints is equal to the step size for signature scanningand the particular fixed-size signature or signature substring isidentifiable at any location within any string fields to be scanned,where each fingerprint includes one or more fragments of a particularfixed-size signature or signature substring, the one or more fragmentshaving particular locations anywhere within the particular fixed-sizesignature or signature substring, receiving a particular string fieldcomprising a string of data values, identifying any signatures includedin the particular string field including scanning the particular stringfield for the one or more fingerprints associated with the one or moresignatures for each scan step size and searching the particular stringfield for the one or more follow-on search data structures at thelocations where one or more fingerprints are found, and outputting anyidentified signatures in the particular string field. Other embodimentsof this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computerprogram products.

Implementations can include one or more of the following features.Multiple fingerprints can be selected for each fixed-size signature orsignature substring and the scanning can include scanning the particularstring field for multiple fingerprints associated with the one or moresignatures including two or more fingerprints in parallel for each scanstep size. Each fingerprint of the one or more fingerprints of aparticular signature can be fully specified either originally or aftermapping them into one or more shadow spaces where the shadow spaces arespaces that correspond to a generalized format from the original spacewhere the shadow spaces are spaces that introduce some ambiguity to theoriginal space such that a single fingerprint in a particular shadowspace corresponds to one or more fingerprints in the original space.

The method of string signature scanning can further include one or bothof scanning the particular string field in an original space for one ormore fingerprints for each scan step size and scanning the particularstring field in each shadow space of the one or more shadow spaces forone or more fingerprints for each scan step size and then verifying theidentified fingerprints in the original space at the scan location whereone or more identified fingerprints are found in at least one of the oneor more shadow spaces. Introducing some ambiguity to the original spacecan further include one or more of changing all the characters in bothupper and lower cases in an original space to a same case, changing allnumerical digits from 0 to 9 in an original space to a same digit, andchanging all of both “space” and “-” in an original space to one of a“space” or “-”.

Scanning for the one or more fingerprints associated with the one ormore signatures can further include scanning using one or more of one ormore hash tables and one or more bloom filters. Scanning for the one ormore fingerprints associated with the one or more signatures can furtherinclude scanning using one or more of a hash value de-multiplexer and afingerprint length de-multiplexer. A number of unique fingerprintlengths can be less than a number of unique signature lengths formultiple signatures and the scanning can further include scanning theparticular string field for multiple fingerprints for the signaturesincluding two or more fingerprints of a same length in parallel for eachscan step size. The one or more fingerprints can be selected such thattheir lengths are limited to a length list that covers one or morelengths within one or more ranges of lengths providing multipleresolution fingerprint scanning. Each length of the lengths of thefingerprints can be a multiple of a step size for a signature scanningoperation. The method of string signature scanning can further includescanning for the one or more fingerprints of the one or more signaturesusing one or more of one or more content addressable memories (CAM) andone or more finite automata (FA).

The method of string signature scanning can further include decomposingeach fingerprint of multiple fingerprints for multiple signatures intoone or more fingerprint segments such that a number of uniquefingerprint segment lengths is less than a number of unique fingerprintlengths for the signatures, scanning the particular string field for thefingerprint segments including two or more fingerprint segments inparallel, and synthesizing identified fingerprint segments into anyfingerprint matches. All fingerprint segments can have a same length andthe scanning the particular string field for multiple fingerprintsegments can use a step size for a signature scanning operation that isa multiple of the fingerprint segment length. A fingerprint segmentbitmap specifying one or more possible locations within any fingerprintsfor a particular fingerprint segment can be stored with the particularfingerprint segment for synthesizing identified fingerprint segmentsinto any fingerprint matches. Fingerprint length information specifyingone or more possible fingerprint lengths can be stored with the firstsegment of each fingerprint or each segment of a fingerprint forsynthesizing identified fingerprint segments into any fingerprintmatches. One or more finite automata (FA) can be used for synthesizingidentified fingerprint segments into any fingerprint matches.

The method of string signature scanning can further include storing aprobability of a false positive for each fingerprint, examining the oneor more probabilities of a false positive at the locations where one ormore fingerprints are found, and searching the particular string fieldfor the one or more follow-on search data structures when one of the oneor more probabilities of a false positive is not sufficiently low. Themethod can further include constructing a differential search structureusing one or more distinct basic units among multiple fixed-sizesignatures or signature substrings associated with a fingerprint andsearching the particular string field for the one or more follow-onsearch data structures including searching for multiple fixed-sizesignatures or signature substrings associated with an identifiedfingerprint differentially. The method can further include encoding eachof one or more fixed-size signatures or signature substrings with one ormore mask bits including one or more mask bits for specifying one ormore of a don't care, a case-sensitivity, a negation, a pre-definedrange, a logic operation, and an arbitrary range, the one or more maskbits including one or more of one or more per basic unit or sub-basicunit mask bits, one or more segment mask bits, and one or morefixed-size signature or signature substring mask bits and searching theparticular string field for the one or more follow-on search datastructures including searching for the mask encoded fixed-sizesignatures or signature substrings. The method can further includenormalizing the particular string field, including one or more ofdecompressing the particular string field if the particular string filedis in a compressed format, decoding the particular string field if theparticular string field is encoded, and removing unnecessary stringdata.

In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in methods for string signature scanningthat include the actions of decomposing each signature of multiplesignatures into one or more signature segments, receiving a particularstring field comprising a string of data values, scanning the particularstring field for the signature segments for the signatures including twoor more signature segments in parallel; synthesizing identifiedsignature segments into any signature matches when there is at least onesignature match, and outputting any identified signatures in theparticular string field. Other embodiments of this aspect includecorresponding systems, apparatus, and computer program products.

Implementations can include one or more of the following features.Scanning for the signature segments can further include scanning usingone or more of one or more hash tables and one or more bloom filterswith or without one or more of a hash value de-multiplexer and afingerprint length de-multiplexer. A signature segment bitmap specifyingone or more possible locations within any signatures for a particularsignature segment can be stored with the particular signature segmentfor synthesizing identified signature segments into any signaturematches. Signature length information specifying one or more possiblesignature lengths can be further stored with the first segment of eachsignature or each segment of a signature for synthesizing identifiedsignature segments into any signature matches. One or more finiteautomata (FA) can be used for synthesizing identified signature segmentsinto any signature matches.

In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in methods for string signature scanningthat include the actions of processing one or more signatures into oneor more formats including decomposing each variable-size signature ofthe one or more signatures into multiple fixed-size signature substringsand one or more variable-size signature substrings, receiving aparticular string field including a string of data values, identifyingany signatures included in the particular string field includingscanning the particular string field for the fixed-size signatures orsignature substrings and synthesizing identified fixed-size signaturesubstrings into any variable-sized signatures at the location where oneor more fixed-size signature substrings are identified, and outputtingany identified signatures in the particular string field. Processing oneor more signatures into one or more formats can further include storinglocation information of each fixed-size signature substring including anorder and a distance range to the next fixed-size signature substringswith or without a description of a variable-size signature substringbetween each pair of consecutive fixed-size signature substrings into astatic signature synthesis rule database, and synthesizing identifiedfixed-size signature substrings into any variable-sized signatures canfurther include checking the location information of each fixed-sizesignature substring with and without verifying the variable-sizesignature substring between each pair of consecutive fixed-sizesignature substrings and updating a dynamic signature synthesis statetable. One or more finite automata (FA) can be used for synthesizingidentified fixed-size signature substrings into any variable-sizedsignatures. Other embodiments of this aspect include correspondingsystems, apparatus, and computer program products.

In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in methods for string signature scanningthat include the actions of selecting multiple fixed-size signatures foreach of one or more string objects, the fixed-size signatures for aparticular string object including a J^(th) fixed-size signature havinga first basic unit in a scanning direction at a location within theparticular string object that has a remainder equaling J when divided bya step size for a signature scanning operation such that a number offixed-size signatures for the particular string object is equal to thestep size for a signature scanning operation and the particular stringobject is identifiable at any location within any string fields to bescanned, receiving a particular string field comprising a string of datavalues, identifying any string objects included the particular stringfield including scanning the particular string field for the fixed-sizesignatures associated with the one or more string objects including twoor more fixed-size signatures in parallel for each scan step size, andoutputting any identified string objects in the particular string field.The method can further include selecting multiple variable-sizesignatures based on multiple non-overlapping, ordered sets of thefixed-size signatures for each of the one or more string objects, whereeach of the variable-size signatures includes a fixed-size signaturefrom each set of fixed-size signatures and a variable-size string linkedeach pair of consecutive fixed-size signatures such that the number ofsignatures for each string object is equal to S^(n), where S is the scanstep size or the number of fixed-size signatures in each of the sets andn is the number of the sets, and identifying any string objects includedthe particular string field including scanning the particular stringfield for the fixed-size signature substrings of the variable-sizesignatures associated with the one or more string objects for each scanstep size and synthesizing identified fixed-size signature substringsinto any variable-size signatures at the locations where one or morefixed-size signature substrings are found. Other embodiments of thisaspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computer programproducts.

In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in methods for string signature scanningthat include the actions of selecting one or more fixed-size signaturesfor each of one or more string objects, processing the one or morefixed-size signatures for the one or more string objects into one ormore formats that include one or more fingerprints and one or morefollow-on search data structures for each fixed-size signature, thefingerprints for a particular string object including a J^(th)fingerprint having a first basic unit in a scanning direction at alocation within the particular string object that has a remainderequaling J when divided by a step size for a signature scanningoperation such that the number of fingerprints for the particular stringobject is equal to the step size for a signature scanning operation andthe particular string object is identifiable at any location within anystring fields to be scanned, where each fingerprint includes one or morefragments of a particular fixed-size signature of the one or morefixed-size signatures for the particular string object, the one or morefragments having particular locations anywhere within the particularfixed-size signature, receiving a particular string field comprising astring of data values, identifying any string objects included theparticular string field including scanning the particular string fieldfor the fingerprints associated with the one or more string objectsincluding two or more fingerprints in parallel for each scan step sizeand searching the particular string field for the follow-on search datastructures at the locations where one or more fingerprints are found,and outputting any identified string objects in the particular stringfield. The method can further include selecting multiple variable-sizesignatures based multiple non-overlapping, ordered sets of the one ormore fixed-size signatures for each of the one or more string objects,where each of the variable-size signatures includes a fixed-sizesignature from each set of fixed-size signatures and a variable-sizestring linked each pair of consecutive fixed-size signatures such thatthe number of variable-size signatures for each string object is equalto the product of the sizes of the sets of fixed-size signatures, andidentifying any string objects included in the particular string fieldincluding scanning the particular string field for the fingerprintsassociated with the one or more string objects including two or morefingerprints in parallel for each scan step size and searching theparticular string field for the follow-on search data structures at thelocations where one or more fingerprints are found. Other embodiments ofthis aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computerprogram products.

In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be embodied in systems for signature scanning. Thesystem includes a machine-readable storage device including a computerprogram product, and one or more processors operable to execute thecomputer program product, and perform operations including providing oneor more modules including a signature pre-processing module operable toprocess one or more signatures into one or more formats that include oneor more fingerprints and one or more follow-on search data structuresfor each fixed-size signature or each fixed-size signature substring ofa variable-size signature, the one or more fingerprints including aJ^(th) fingerprint for a particular fixed-size signature or signaturesubstring having a first basic unit in a scanning direction at alocation within the particular fixed-size signature or signaturesubstring that has a remainder equaling J when divided by a step sizefor a signature scanning operation such that the number of fingerprintsis equal to the step size for signature scanning and the particularfixed-size signature or signature substring is identifiable at anylocation within any string fields to be scanned, where each fingerprintincludes one or more fragments of a particular fixed-size signature orsignature substring, the one or more fragments having particularlocations anywhere within the particular fixed-size signature orsignature substring, a scan pre-processing engine operable to process aninput string field comprising a string of data values into one or moreformats for a signature scan, and a fingerprint scan engine operable toidentify one or more fingerprints associated with one or more signatureson the input string field, the identifying including scanning the inputstring field for the one or more fingerprints associated with the one ormore signatures for each scan step size. The system can further includea fixed-size signature search engine operable to identify fixed-sizesignatures or fixed-size substrings of variable-size signatures for theidentified fingerprints. The system can further include a variable-sizesignature search engine operable to identify variable-size signaturesincluding synthesizing identified fixed-size substrings of variable-sizesignatures into any variable-size signatures. Other embodiments of thisaspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computer programproducts.

Implementations can include one or more of the following features. Thesignature pre-processing module can select one or more shadow spaces andtranslate one or more fingerprints into the one or more shadow spacesfor scanning. The signature pre-processing module can decompose each ofone or more fingerprints into one or more fingerprint segments of one ormore lengths and store synthesis information for each fingerprintsegment in a fingerprint database and the fingerprint scan engine canidentify fingerprints associated with one or more signatures on theinput string field, the identifying including scanning the input stringfield for multiple fingerprint segments for each scan step size andsynthesizing identified fingerprint segments into any fingerprintmatches at the locations where one or more identified fingerprintsegments were identified. The signature pre-processing module can encodeone or more fragments of a signature with one or more mask bits andstore the one or more mask bits with the one or more fragments of thesignature. The signature pre-processing module can construct adifferential search structure using one or more distinct basic unitsamong multiple signatures. The signature pre-processing module canconstruct a signature database, including a fingerprint database, afixed-size signature database, and a variable-size signature databasewhen there is at least one variable-size signature in the signaturescanning system.

The scan pre-processing engine can further include a scan feeder, ashadow translator, a string memory, and a shadow memory. The scanpre-processing engine can process a string field in one or more blocks,the processing including one or more of feeding, decoding, normalizing,and translating, each block of the one or more blocks including afingerprint scan region for performing a fingerprint scan as well as asignature search, a front signature search region in advance of thefingerprint scan region for performing a signature search, and a rearsignature search region behind the fingerprint scan region forperforming a signature search. Each region of the three regions of ablock can be placed into one or more memory banks of a same size, allthe memory banks for all the three regions with or without one or moreadditional banks forming a ring that starts at the first bank of thecurrent front signature search region for minimizing data movement inmemory.

The fingerprint scan engine can detect one or more fingerprints usingone or more of one or more hash tables and one or more bloom filters.The fingerprint scan engine can further include a fingerprint scancontroller, a fingerprint hash engine, a fingerprint search engine, afingerprint synthesis engine, and a fingerprint database. Thefingerprint hash engine can compute multiple hash values for multiplehash keys sequentially in non-overlapping prefix segments using asequential hash function. The fingerprint scan engine can include afingerprint synthesis engine that can synthesize multiple fingerprintsegments into any fingerprint matches using one or more of a fingerprintsegment bitmap and fingerprint length information either in parallel orsequentially. The fingerprint scan engine can include a fingerprintsynthesis engine that further includes one or more finite automata (FA).

One or more fingerprints of one or more lengths can be decomposed intomultiple segments of a same size and scanned by one or more fingerprintscan engines that have a same scan step size, each of the one or morefingerprint scan engines either covering one or more non-overlapping,interleaving locations in the input string field such that the resultantscan step size of the one or more fingerprint scan engines is theproduct of the number of the one or more fingerprint scan engines andthe original scan step size of a single fingerprint scan engine orcovering one or more partially overlapping, interleaving locations inthe input string field such that the resultant scan step size of the oneor more fingerprint scan engines is between the original scan step sizeof a single fingerprint scan engine and the product of the number of theone or more fingerprint scan engines and the original scan step size ofa single fingerprint scan engine. The number of fingerprint scan engineshaving a smaller product of a scan step size and a memory speed are morethan the number of fingerprint scan engines having a larger product of ascan step size and a memory speed. One or more memories used for one ormore fingerprint scan engines covering a shorter fingerprint segment canhave the same speed as or be faster than one or more memories used forone or more fingerprint scan engines covering a longer fingerprintsegment and one or more memories used for one or more fixed-sizesignature search engines covering one or more fingerprints that areshorter in average can have the same speed as or be faster than one ormore memories used for one or more fixed-size signature search enginescovering one or more fingerprints that are longer in average. The one ormore fastest memories in the scanning system can be used for the one ormore fingerprint scan engines covering one or more fingerprints shorterthan a particular length with or without first portions of thecorresponding fixed-size signature search engines. Multiple fingerprintscan engines for a same set of one or more fingerprints can share a samemulti-port memory. The fingerprint scan engine can further include oneor more content addressable memories (CAM).

The fixed-size signature search engine can further include a signaturefinder, a signature verifier, and a fixed-size signature database. Thesignature finder and the signature verifier can compare one or moremasked fragments of a signature using a signature unit comparator and asignature segment comparator to identify one or more fixed-sizesignatures. The signature finder can search for one or more signaturesor signature substrings differentially. The variable-size signaturesearch engine can further include a signature rule lookup engine, asignature state verifier, a signature rule database, and a signaturestate table. The variable-size signature search engine can include afinite automaton (FA). One or more engines can include one or more ofone or more content addressable memories (CAM) and one or more finiteautomata (FA).

Particular embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be implemented to realize one or more of the followingadvantages. A string scanning system for scanning signatures in asignature database is provided. The string scanning system is flexibleand can be easily updated. A string signature scanning engine canprovide ultra-high throughput (e.g., 100 Gbps) even for a large numberof signature (e.g., hundreds of thousands), complex signatures (e.g., upto thousands of bytes long, supporting wildcard “*” and “?”, range,case-sensitive, negation), and a dynamic signature database. The stringscanning system is scalable in both scan speed and signature databasesize and complexity. Additionally, the string scanning system canrequire less memory bandwidth and memory storage. The string scanningsystem can be implemented in both software and an FPGA (fieldprogrammable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integratedcircuit). Furthermore, the string scanning system can be cost effectiveand suitable for use in both low-cost and high-end systems.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features andadvantages of the invention will become apparent from the description,the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an example fast string signaturescan system.

FIG. 1B shows an example process for building a string signaturedatabase.

FIG. 1C shows an example process for string signature scanning.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrates example data structures of a fingerprintdatabase.

FIGS. 2D-E illustrates example data structures of a hash entry block andan implementation of a fingerprint synthesis engine.

FIGS. 2F-2G illustrates example data structures of a hash entry blockand an implementation of the corresponding fingerprint synthesis engine.

FIGS. 2H-I illustrates example data structures of a hash entry block andan implementation of the corresponding parallel fingerprint synthesisengine.

FIGS. 3A-B illustrates example data structures of a signature group listand a signature list for fixed-size signature searching.

FIGS. 4A-B illustrates block diagrams of an example signature unitcomparator and a signature segment comparator for a predefined, globalunit range for a string field.

FIG. 4C illustrates block diagrams of an example signature unitcomparator for use with a local signature unit range.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrates example data structures of a selected unit treeand a signature family list for fixed-size signature searching.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example data structure of a signature rule listfor variable-size signature searching.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example data structure of a signature state listfor a particular string field.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example data structure of an entry block indexedby a signature state bloom filter or hash table.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example computer system.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Overview

Methods and systems for performing string signature scan on a stringfield against a string signature database are provided. In oneimplementation, a “divide and conquer” approach is used to scan forstring signatures in multiple pipelining stages. Each variable-sizesignature is decomposed into multiple fixed-size signature substringsfor scanning, while each fixed-size signature or each fixed-sizesignature substring of each variable-size signature is furtherdecomposed into multiple fragments for scanning. In one implementation,a “coarse scanning followed by fine examining” approach is used to scanfor string signatures in multiple pipelining stages. One or morefingerprints are first scanned for each fixed-size signatures or eachfixed-size signature substrings of each variable-size signature at eachscan location. Further examinations are only required at locations whereone or more fingerprints are found. Moreover, the fingerprints can befirst scanned for their “shadows” at each scan location (shadows andassociated shadow spaces are described in greater detail below). A fullexamination of the fingerprints is only required at locations where oneor more fingerprint shadows are found.

The fingerprint shadows can further be first scanned in segments at eachscan location and then synthesized by only checking their possiblepositions within any signatures and their possible lengths. A fullexamination of the fingerprint shadows is only required at locationswhere one or more synthesized fingerprint shadows are found.Furthermore, the segments of the fingerprint shadows can be firstscanned for their hash values at each scan location. A furtherexamination of the segments of fingerprint shadows is only required atlocations where one or more of the hash values are found. In oneimplementation, scanning in multiple pipelined stages is supported bypre-processing the string signatures associated with the string fieldand storing the pre-processed string signatures in a signature databaseprior to scanning.

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an example fast string signaturescan system. The fast string signature scan system includes a signaturestring scan engine 100. The signature string scan engine 100 includes asignature pre-processing module 90, a scan pre-processing engine 120, afingerprint scan engine 140, a fixed size signature search engine 160,and a variable-size signature search engine 180. The string signaturescan engine 100 can scan string fields against one or more stringsignature databases and may return a matched signature ID 190 and thelocation of the matched signature within the string fields, identifyinga particular signature. In one implementation, the signature databaseincludes a fingerprint database 148, a fixed-size signature database166, and a signature rule database 186.

FIG. 1B shows an example process 91 for pre-processing each stringsignature. In one implementation, a variable-size string signature canbe decomposed into multiple fixed-size substrings using one or morevariable-size substrings and stored with information describing arelationship among the fixed-size substrings in the signature ruledatabase 186 (step 92).

A fixed-size string signature or signature substring from step 92 canthen be decomposed into multiple fragments that can be tested in anoptimal order for fast scanning (step 94). In one implementation, thefirst one or more fragments of a string signature can be particularlysignificant and function as a fingerprint for a fixed-size stringsignature or substring. The fingerprint of a string signature can bescanned quickly, but also minimizes a probability of a false negative orfalse positive result. In one implementation, the probability of a falsenegative is zero. In one implementation, the number of uniquefingerprint lengths can be less than the number of unique signaturelengths for multiple signatures so that the scanning speed for methodsthat required an independent scanning for patterns of each unique lengthincreases accordingly. When the scan step size is more than one basicunit, in one implementation, multiple fingerprints can be used for asingle string signature, in which such that the first basic unit of eachfingerprint in a scanning direction can be shifted by one or more basicunits relative to each previous fingerprint. The scanning direction isthe moving direction of locations for a scanning operation within aninput string field.

The fingerprint of a string signature or signature substring can befurther decomposed into fingerprint segments, translated into one ormore shadow spaces as needed, and then inserted into the fingerprintdatabase 148 and thus the signature database (step 96). Becausefingerprints of different lengths can be scanned independently, afingerprint can be further broken up into multiple segments that canfirst be scanned either sequentially or in parallel. In someimplementations, the fingerprint is broken up into multiple segmentssuch that the number of unique fingerprint segment lengths, if not one,can be significantly less than the number of unique fingerprint lengthssuch that the scanning speed for scanning methods that required anindependent scanning for patterns of each unique length increasesaccordingly. The fingerprint segment scanning results can then besynthesized together for detecting the fingerprint.

In order to further gain the scan efficiency and scan capability forcomplex signatures, in one implementation, the fingerprint as well asother fragments of a string signature can first be translated into andscanned in one or more shadow spaces and then verified in the originalspace. The shadow spaces can be selected for being able to simplify andaccelerate the scan process, while also being operable to cover all thepossible forms of the fingerprints or fingerprint segments. A shadowspace can cover multiple forms of the fingerprints or segments. Forexample, to support per character case-insensitive and case-sensitive, ashadow space can be either a lowercase only or uppercase only space. Fora special case, a shadow space can be the original space.

Fully specified fingerprints or any other signature substrings are stillfully specified in any shadow spaces. Hence, fully specifiedfingerprints can always be scanned in any shadow spaces, in addition tothe original space. In one implementation, in order to reduce the numberof spaces to be scanned, all fully specified fingerprints are scanned inone of one or more shadow spaces so that no fingerprint scanning isrequired in the original space. In another implementation, only oneshadow space is selected for a signature database and all fingerprintsin the signature database are scanned in the single shadow space.

In one implementation, the fingerprint database includes one or morebloom filters or hash tables. In another implementation, the fingerprintdatabase includes one or more enhanced bloom filters or hash tables,where one or both of additional bits of hash value and a fingerprintlength are stored in the data structure for hash value multiplexing aswell as fingerprint length multiplexing to further reduce the falsepositive and the number of collisions when the original hash key is toolarge or too costly to be compared during fingerprint scanning.

Finally, all the fragments of a fixed-size string signature or substringof a variable-size string signature can be encoded and stored intofixed-size signature database 166 for searching for the fixed-sizestring signatures or signature substrings (step 98). In oneimplementation, the fragments can be encoded with per basic unit orsub-basic unit masks for string signatures matching particular criteria(e.g., “don't care”, “equal”, “unequal”, “case-insensitive”,“case-sensitive”, “in a range”, “out of a range”). In oneimplementation, the masked fragments can then be compiled into a linkedlist or any other search structures (e.g., trees). In anotherimplementation, per fragment masks or per fixed-size signature orsignature substring masks can also be compiled into the searchstructures for saving storage space. In another implementation, a groupof string signatures can be further encoded differentially to form adifferential data structure (e.g., differential trees), where signaturesare encoded using their different basic units among the stringsignatures.

FIG. 1C shows an example process 101 for scanning string signatures. Astring field to be scanned is first decoded and translated (e.g., usingscan pre-processing engine 120) into one or more formats for subsequentscan stages (step 102). The string field is scanned (e.g., using thefingerprint scan engine 140) in the shadow space by first comparing ashadow of the string field against one or more shadows of thefingerprints of string signatures and then verifying any identifiedfingerprint shadows in the original fingerprint space (step 104). Acheck is made to see if there is a fingerprint match (step 106).

After scanning a no match condition or a matching condition results ineither an output indicating that no string signatures match a particularfingerprint, or that a small number of signatures match. In oneimplementation, the fingerprint scan engine 140 provides output resultswith zero false negatives and an allowable probability of falsepositives. If there are zero matches, the scanning process is completeat the current scan position and can move into a next scan position(step 108). If a positive match is detected in the fingerprint scanning,further searches for (e.g., by a fixed-size signature search engine 160)the small number of matched signatures are performed to morespecifically identify either a fixed-size signature or a fixed-sizesignature substring of a variable-size signature (step 110).

A check is made to see if there is a fixed-size string signature orsubstring match (step 112). If there are zero matches, the scanningprocess is complete at the current scan position and the process canmove to the next scan position (step 108). If the matches are one ormore fixed-size signatures, a fixed-size signature ID for each match isoutput and the scan is completed (step 118). If the fixed-size signaturesubstring is instead identified as part of one or more variable-sizesignatures, the fixed-size signatures can then be dynamicallysynthesized (e.g., by a variable-size signature search engine 180) todetect one or more variable-size signature IDs (step 114). A check ismade to see if there is a variable-size string signature match (step116). If there are zero matches, the scanning process is complete at thecurrent scan position and ready to move into the next scan position(step 108). If the match is one or more variable-size signatures, avariable-size signature ID for each match is output and the scan iscompleted (step 118).

In one implementation, a probability of a false positive is stored inthe fingerprint database 148 for each fingerprint during thepre-processing process 91. When there is a fingerprint match in step106, the probability of a false positive associated with the matchedfingerprint is examined. If the probability of a false positive issufficiently low (e.g., below a specified threshold), the scanningprocess is complete at the current scan position and can move into anext scan position (step 108). In another implementation, each of allthe fingerprints in fingerprint database 148 has a sufficiently lowprobability of a false positive result so that storing and examining theprobabilities of a false positive is not needed. The scanning process iscomplete at the current scan position after the fingerprint scanning andcan move into a next scan position (step 108).

During step 102, the scan pre-processing engine 120 first decodes,normalizes, and translates the string field into the same format(s) assignatures in the string signature database. In one implementation, thestring signature scanning is performed on the entire string field.However in other implementations, buffering the entire string field canbe impossible because of limitations in memory space and low latencyrequirements of some systems. Therefore, during step 102, the stringfield can be broken into a number of predefined blocks. The stringsignature scanning is then performed on each predefined block of data.

After loading a block of string field for the string signature scanning,the block of data can then be decoded and normalized to differentformats for later scanning. In one implementation, the decoding andnormalizing process can accommodate different compression formats (e.g.,LZS, PKZip, and gzip) and different encoding formats (e.g., UU encoding,MIME encoding, HTML, and XML) and remove random, “anti-scan” junk data.

In one implementation, the decoded string fields are further translatedinto one or more fingerprint shadow spaces as in the string signaturedatabase, to support complex string signatures. For example, the decodedstring fields are translated into all-lowercase (e.g., a shadow space)to support case-insensitive string signature scanning. The stringsignature scanning can then be performed on the all-lowercase decodedstring fields and then verified using both case specific decoded stringfields and all-lowercase decoded string fields.

During step 104, fingerprint scanning can be first performed to identifyfingerprints of signatures whose shadows in the shadow spaces are fullyspecified strings. In one implementation, to scan a large and complexstring signature database quickly, the fingerprint scan engine 140 canscan multiple basic units based on either one or more hash tables orbloom filters.

In one implementation, hash value multiplexing as well as fingerprintlength multiplexing can be used by the fingerprint scan engine 140, touse the memory storage more efficiently and reduce the false positiveresults and probability of fingerprint collision (i.e., more than onefingerprint matching a particular signature). The use of hash valuemultiplexing and fingerprint length multiplexing can further minimizethe number of false positive results (i.e., erroneous signature matchesin the string field), while ensuring zero false negative results (i.e.,failing to match a signature in the string field).

During step 110, fixed-size signature scanning is performed. Thefixed-size string signatures and the fixed-size substring ofvariable-size string signatures can be identified during the fixed-sizesignature scanning stage. Fixed-size signature scanning is performedonly when at least one fingerprint is found during fingerprint scanning.The fixed-size string signatures and the substring of the variable-sizestring signatures that are associated with matched fingerprints can besearched linearly or based on other search structures (e.g., trees) inthe decoded format. In one implementation, masked comparisons can besupported per basic unit or sub-basic unit for string signaturesmatching particular criteria, (e.g., “don't care”, “equal”, “unequal”,“case-insensitive”, “case-sensitive”, “in a range”, “out of a range”).

During step 114, variable-size signature scanning is performed. In oneimplementation, variable-size signature scanning is required only forvariable-size string signatures or string signatures including one ormore variable-size symbols or substrings. The fixed-size signaturesubstrings of a variable-size signature can be identified duringfixed-size signature scanning and the results can then be dynamicallyconcatenated to synthesize one or more original variable-size signaturesduring the variable-size signature scanning step. The synthesis can beperformed using a static synthesis rule table and a dynamic synthesisstate table. The synthesis rule table defines the rules for synthesizinga variable-size string signature, while the synthesis state tablemaintains the current state of synthesizing against the synthesis rules.

Signature Database Pre-Processing

In one implementation, string signatures are processed by the signaturepre-processing module 90 before the string field is scanned against themto gain scanning speed and memory efficient. The signaturepre-processing module 90 can decompose, translate, and encode thesignatures into one or more formats prior to storage in the signaturedatabase. In one implementation, the signature pre-processing module 90can build and maintain a fingerprint database 148, a fixed-sizesignature database 166, and a signature rule database 186.

When one or more string signatures in the signature database include oneor more variable-size substrings (e.g., a “*” for zero or more arbitrarybasic units or a “(bc){3-6}” for repeating “bc” for 3 to 6 times), eachof these variable-size string signatures can be first decomposed intomultiple fixed-size substrings using the variable-size substrings. Forexample, if a string signature is substring1*substring2*substring3,where substring1, substring2, and substring3 are fixed-size stringswithout a variable-size symbol, the string signature is broken intosubstring1, substring2, and substring3. Each of the “*” insubstring1*substring2*substring3 can be replaced by a variable-sizesubstring. In one implementation, each of the fixed-size substrings isfirst scanned independently and then synthesized back into the originalvariable-size signature.

In one implementation, signature rule database 186 can be constructedfor the fixed-size substring synthesis using location information ofeach fixed-size substring (e.g., order, last substring flag, distance ordistance range to next fixed-size substring). In one implementation,when the variable-size substring between two consecutive fixed-sizesubstrings is other than “don't care”, the synthesis rule database 186can further include a description of the variable-size substring for thefixed-size substring synthesis. In another implementation, one or morefinite automata (FA) can be constructed using the fixed-size signaturesubstrings and the variable-size signature substrings for the fixed-sizesignature substring synthesis, where each of the fixed-size signaturesubstrings is used as a whole as an input symbol.

In one implementation, a fixed-size string signature or signaturesubstring is further decomposed into multiple fragments (the fragmentsincluding the fingerprint of the signature or signature substring) thatcan be tested in an optimal order. The multiple fragments can be ofdifferent sizes or same sizes. To prevent false negatives or to providea zero miss rate against all the signatures, the union of all thefragments is equal to the original string signature. During thesignature scanning, the false positive decreases (i.e., the confidencelevel of matching increases), as the number of positive fragmentsincreases. The testing process can terminate after either a firstnegative fragment or a last positive fragment. In one implementation,the fragments can be selected for either terminating the scanningwithout a signature matching as early as possible or identifying asignature matching with a false positive rate that decreases to zero.

In one implementation, the fingerprint includes multiple fragments. Inanother implementation, the fingerprint includes only one fragment thatis encoded in the form of a 3-tuple including {fragment, length,offset}, where a fragment is the first fragment or fingerprint of thestring signature, a length is a length of the fingerprint, and an offsetis the offset of the fingerprint within a fixed-size signature orsignature substring. A particular fingerprint is a particular substringof a fixed-size string signature or a fixed-size substring of avariable-size string signature.

In one implementation, the shadow space can be selected for being ableto simplify and accelerate the signature scan process, while also beingoperable to cover multiple forms of the fingerprints or fragments ofsignatures. Ideally, the shadow value can be directly used as a hashkey. For example, to support per character case-insensitive andcase-sensitive, the shadow space can be either a lowercase only oruppercase only space. For example, to scan driver license numberscomprising one alphabetic character followed by seven numericalcharacters in which each character can be further specified as anarbitrary range within the alphabetic or numerical character, the shadowspace can be a codeword or any one of alphabetic characters (e.g., “a”)for all the alphabetic characters and another codeword or any one ofnumerical characters (e.g., “0”) for all the numerical characters. Forexample, to scan social security numbers (SSN) comprising three groupsof three numerical characters separated by either “space” or “-” inwhich each numerical character can be further specified as an arbitraryrange within numerical character, the shadow space can be a codeword orany one of numerical characters (e.g., “0”) for all the numericalcharacters and another codeword or either “space” or “-” for both“space” and “-”. For a special case, the shadow space can be theoriginal space.

In one implementation, after being scanned in their shadow spaces, theverification of the fingerprints in the original space can be performedimmediately after detecting the shadows. In another implementation, theverification can be performed after testing some or all other fragmentsof the signature. No verification is needed if the fingerprintscompletely overlap with other fragments of the signature.

The fingerprint can be selected to speed up the fingerprint scanning,while providing a minimal probability of a false positive result afterthe fingerprint scanning. In one implementation, the fingerprints can beof arbitrary size and at any location within the string signatures. Inanother implementation, the fingerprints can be of limited sizes or atlimited locations within the string signature to meet systemrequirements. For example, the fingerprints can be only at locationshaving offsets less than a specific value according to a latencyrequirement of a system.

In one implementation, fingerprints can be selected using one or more ofthe following criteria:

1) there is no wildcard or range in the shadow of the fingerprint forquicker scanning,

-   -   2) the fingerprint is unlikely to occur in the string field to        be scanned,    -   3) the number of fingerprints shared by more than one signature        is as small as possible, and    -   4) the number of fingerprints shared a same fingerprint segment        is as small as possible.

Additional criteria can be added according to the system requirements.Typically, most string signatures, if not all the string signatures, inconventional network applications and non-network applications includeat least one reasonable size substring without a wildcard or range aftertranslating into a selected shadow space. In one implementation,criteria no. 1 is a requirement. In another implementation, as arequirement, criteria no. 1 further constrains to all fingerprints thateach of them is fully specified at least in one of shadow spaces. Thestring signatures that do not contain such a substring can either beexpanded into multiple signatures containing such a substring or scannedwithout expansion using a different scanning approach.

The fingerprints can be determined by examining all the possiblesubstrings of a string signature that meet the requirements of criteriano. 1. Additional parameters for the fingerprints can also be consideredin selecting fingerprints. By identifying fingerprints that are unlikelyto occur in the string field to be scanned, according to criteria no. 2,the number of false positives can be reduced because it is unlikely thatmultiple signatures will include the same fingerprint. Additionally, byselecting fingerprints such that few signatures share the samefingerprint or the same key fingerprint segment, the number of initialmatches that turn out to be false can be further reduced. The length ofthe fingerprints can be e.g., between 8 and 32 basic units, although thefingerprints can be shorter than 8 basic units or longer than 32 basicunits.

Because the signatures can be very long (e.g., hundreds or thousandsbasic units in length), there can also be a large number of fingerprintlengths. However, in one implementation, the fingerprints of differentlengths are scanned separately, resulting in slower scanningperformance. In one implementation, to reduce the complexity of thescanning, the number of fingerprint lengths can be limited, e.g., lessthan 16, according to particular system requirements and systemarchitectures. In one implementation, the lengths of fingerprints can beselected from a predefined length list. Furthermore, the lengths of thefingerprints can be selected to be exponential (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32).The fingerprint lengths can also be selected linearly (e.g., multiplesof 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32), or based on another method (e.g.,2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34), in accordance with the system requirements andsystem architecture.

In one implementation, the fingerprint of a signature can be selectedusing an algorithm. For example, the following algorithm can be used tofind the fingerprint of a fixed-size signature or signature substring:(assuming the scan step size is equal to one, the lengths offingerprints are fixed and given as l₀, l₁, l₂, . . . , l_(m-1), l_(m)from the shortest to the longest, the fingerprint scan is performed insegments, and the shadow space for the fingerprint scan is given).

1. All the substrings of the signatures that are fully specified, afterbeing translated into the shadow space, are identified.

2. for each of the substrings that are longer than l_(m), identify allof substrings having a size l_(m).

3. for each of the substrings of length l_(m), identify the number ofother fingerprints colliding with the substring, N_(c), and the numberof other fingerprints sharing the first fingerprint segment with it,N_(s), and find the cost value using a cost function of the l_(m), N_(c)and N_(s).

4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated for substrings having a size l_(m-1), . .. , l₂, l₁, and l₀.

5. Identify a fingerprint based on the smallest cost value from steps 2to 4.

The above steps depend on the processing order of signatures. Severalrandom orders can be applied to identify different fingerprints asnecessary. In one implementation, the cost value can be obtainedconcatenating (m−i), N_(c), and N_(s), from the most significant bit tothe least significant bit, where i=0, 1, 2, . . . , m and the i is afingerprint size index. In one implementation, if a fingerprint having aparticular size is found, no further selecting process is required onall the smaller sizes.

In another implementation, the fingerprint scan engine 140 moves a scanstep size each time. At each scan location, the fingerprint scan engine140 can scan for fingerprints of different sizes either sequentially orin parallel. As a result, the scanning speed linearly depends on thescan step size (i.e., the number of basic units between two consecutivescan locations). In one implementation, to increase scanning speed, thefingerprint scanning can be performed on multiple basic units ratherthan a signal basic unit. In order to ensure zero false negatives,multiple fingerprints can be used for each string signature and thenumber of the fingerprints can equal the scan step size. In other words,a fixed-size string signature or signature substring can be insertedinto the signature database using multiple fingerprints and the numberof the fingerprints can be equal to the scan step size. A J^(th)fingerprint of a particular signature has a first basic unit in a scandirection at the location of (J+k*S) within the particular signature forJ=0, 1, 2, . . . , S−1 and a non-negative integer k, where S is the scanstep size. The signature can then be found at any location within thestring field to be scanned. For example, if a particular stringsignature is “[Rr][Ee][Aa][Dd][Mm][Ee]123.exe”, the scan step size is 4,and the fingerprint lengths include 4, 8, and 12, the following fourfingerprints can be selected: “[Rr][Ee][Aa][Dd][Mm][Ee]123.ex”,“[Ee][Aa][Dd][Mm][Ee]123.exe”, “[Aa][Dd][Mm][Ee]123.”, and“[Dd][Mm][Ee]123.e”, where the [Rr], [Ee], [Aa], [Dd], and [Mm] arecase-insensitive r, e, a, d, and m, respectively. Using the fourfingerprints, “[Rr][Ee][Aa][Dd][Mm][Ee]123.exe” is inserted into thesignature database four times. When the scan step size is one, only onefingerprint and thus one insertion is required.

The multiple fingerprints scanning can start at any location of thefirst S unit locations (e.g., any location within a scan step from thefirst unit) of an input string field. For example, in oneimplementation, the scanning starts at the 0^(th) location and will scan(k*S)^(th) locations for a non-negative integer k. Within any inputstring field, the (k*S)^(th) locations will be covered by the 0^(th)fingerprint, the (k*S+1)^(th) locations will be covered by the(S−1)^(th) fingerprint, the (k*S+2)^(th) locations will be covered bythe (S−2)^(th) fingerprint, . . . , and the (k*S+S−1)^(th) locationswill be covered by the 1^(st) fingerprint, for a non-negative integer k.In another implementation, the scanning starts at the (S−1)^(th)location and will scan (k*S+S−1)^(th) locations for a non-negativeinteger k. Within any input string field, the (k*S)^(th) locations willbe covered by the (S−1)^(th) fingerprint, the (k*S+1)^(th) locationswill be covered by the (S−2)^(th) fingerprint, the (k*S+2)^(th)locations will be covered by the (S−3)^(th) fingerprint, . . . , the(k*S+S−2)^(th) locations will be covered by the 1^(st) fingerprint, andthe (k*S+S−1)^(th) locations will be covered by the 0^(th) fingerprint,for a non-negative integer k.

To increase the scan step size to S basic units, in one implementation,a modification of the above fingerprint selection algorithm for a singlefingerprint for each fixed-size signature or signature substring whenthe scan step size is equal to 1 basic unit can be used for finding theS fingerprints for each fixed-size signature or signature substring asfollows: the steps 1 to 4 are exactly the same as before, while the step5 is modified to identify a J^(th) fingerprint of the S fingerprintsbased on the smallest cost value for all substrings from step 2 thathave a first basic unit in a scanning direction at an offset of (J+k*S)within the fixed-size signature or signature substring for J=0, 1, 2, .. . , S−1 and a non-negative integer k.

Typically there is only one signature for each string object, so that Sfingerprints are required for each fixed-size signature or substring ofa variable-size signature to support a scan step size of S basic units.In one implementation, to support a scan step size of S basic units, Sfixed-size signatures can be selected for each string object such that aJ^(th) fixed-size signature of the S fixed-size signatures has a firstbasic unit in a scanning direction at an offset of (J+k*S) within thestring object for J=0, 1, 2, . . . , S−1 and a non-negative integer k.The particular string object is then identifiable at any location withinany string fields to be scanned. In one implementation, the S fixed-sizesignatures can be scanned without using a fingerprint. In anotherimplementation, a fingerprint can further be selected for each of the Sfixed-size signatures for the signature scanning.

In another implementation, multiple variable-size signatures can furtherbe selected for each string object based on multiple non-overlapping,ordered sets of S fixed-size signatures. Each set of S fixed-sizesignatures has a J^(th) fixed-size signature that has a first basic unitin a scanning direction at an offset of (J+k*S) within the string objectfor J=0, 1, 2, . . . , S−1 and a non-negative integer k, such that thenumber of the resultant variable-size signatures for each string objectis S^(n), where n is the number of the non-overlapping, ordered sets ofS fixed-size signatures. Each of the S^(n) resultant variable-sizesignatures for a string object can be selected by taking one fixed-sizesignature from each set of S fixed-size signatures and composing themwith one or more variable-size strings such that the particular stringobject is identifiable at any location within any string fields to bescanned. Each of the original fixed-size signatures in the n sets of Sfixed-size signatures can then be a fixed-size signature substring ofmultiple resultant variable-size signatures. In one implementation, thevariable-size signatures can be scanned without using a fingerprint. Inanother implementation, a fingerprint can be selected and then scannedfor each fixed-size substring of a variable-size signature.

In one implementation, to support a scan step size of S basic units, Pfixed-size signatures can be selected for a particular string object andone or more fingerprints can be further selected for each of the Pfixed-size signatures such that the total number of fingerprints foreach string object is equal to S. The S fingerprints for a particularstring object have a J^(th) fingerprint that has a first basic unit in ascanning direction at an offset of (J+k*S) within the particular stringobject for J=0, 1, 2, . . . , S−1 and a non-negative integer k such thatthe particular string object is identifiable at any location within anystring fields to be scanned. In another implementation, multiplevariable-size signatures can further be selected for each string objectbased on multiple non-overlapping, ordered sets of fixed-sizesignatures. An i^(th) set of the non-overlapping, ordered sets offixed-size signatures has P, fixed-size signatures and each of the P_(i)fixed-size signatures further has one or more fingerprints such that thetotal number of fingerprints for the i^(th) set of fixed-size signaturesis equal to S for i=0, 1, 2, . . . , n−1, where n is the number of thenon-overlapping, ordered sets of fixed-size signatures, and each set offixed-size signatures has a J^(th) fingerprint that has a first basicunit in a scanning direction at an offset of (J+k*S) within theparticular string object for J=0, 1, 2, . . . , S−1 and a non-negativeinteger k. Each of the multiple variable-size signatures for aparticular string object can be selected by taking one fixed-sizesignature from each set of fixed-size signatures and composing them withone or more variable-size strings such that the number of resultantvariable-size signatures is P₀*P₁*P₂ . . . *P_(n-1) and the particularstring object is identifiable at any location within any string fieldsto be scanned. Each of the original fixed-size signatures in the n setsof fixed-size signatures can then be a fixed-size signature substring ofmultiple resultant variable-size signatures.

After signatures, fingerprints, and shadow spaces of each string objectin a scan system are determined, the shadow of a fingerprint can bescanned as a whole. The shadows of fingerprints of different lengths canbe scanned either sequentially or in parallel. In one implementation,the fingerprints of different lengths are scanned as a whole andsequentially. In one implementation, inserting a string signature intothe signature database can be performed using the following pseudo-code:

For (i = 0, i < S−1, i++) {  {fingerprint shadow_(i), h_(i)} =fingerprint selection(string signature);  k_(i) = h_(i)/S;  Previoushash value = IV;  For (j = 0, j < k_(i)−1, j++)  {   Hashed length =j*S;   Current hash string = fingerprint shadow_(i)[hashed length,  hashed length+S−1];   Current hash value = hash (current hash string,previous hash value);   Previous hash value = current hash value;  }  If(i =0), signature search pointer = signature insertion  (stringsignature);  Fingerprint insertion (current hash value, signature searchpointer); }where the S is the scan step size, the h_(i) is the length of i^(th)fingerprint of a string signature, IV is the initial hash value, and thehash( ) is the sequential hash function. The fingerprint selection( )selects the optimal fingerprint for each shift location, the signatureinsertion( ) creates the signature search data structure for fixed-sizesignature search engine 160 and variable-size signature search engine180 for the signature, and the fingerprint insertion( ) inserts thefingerprint into the fingerprint database 148. When the scan step sizeis more than one, one fingerprint insertions is required for each of thefingerprints of a string signature. However, only a single signatureinsertion( ) is necessary for all the fingerprints of a stringsignature, because all the fingerprint entries of the string signaturepoint to a same signature search data structure.

In one implementation, deleting a string signature from the signaturedatabase can be performed using the following pseudo-code:

For (i = 0, i < S−1, i++) {  k_(i) = h_(i)/S;  Previous hash value = IV; For (j = 0, j < k_(i)−1, j++)  {   Hashed length = j*S;   Current hashstring = fingerprint shadow_(i)[hashed length,   hashed length+S−1];  Current hash value = hash (current hash string, previous hash value);  Previous hash value = current hash value;  }  Signature search pointer= fingerprint deletion (current hash value);  If (i = 0), signaturedeletion (signature search pointer, string signature); }

where S is the scan step size, the h_(i) is the length of i^(th)fingerprint, IV is the initial hash value, and the hash( ) is thesequential hash function. The fingerprint deletion( ) deletes thefingerprint from the fingerprint database 148, and the signaturedeletion( ) deletes the signature search data structure for fixed-sizesignature search engine 160 and variable-size signature search engine180 for the signature. To delete a signature from the signaturedatabase, multiple fingerprint deletions are required because there aremultiple fingerprints for a single signature when the scan step size ismore than one. However, only a single signature deletion is necessaryfor all the fingerprints of a particular signature.

In one implementation, a fingerprint can be further broken into multiplesegments in order to gain the scan efficiency, because the number ofunique lengths of fingerprint segments is typically much less than thenumber of unique lengths of fingerprints. All the fingerprint segmentsof a fingerprint can be first scanned either sequentially or in paralleland the results of the fingerprint segment scanning can then besynthesized together for detecting the fingerprint either sequentiallyor in parallel. The size of the fingerprint segments can be the same ordifferent, depending on the lengths of the fingerprints for a specificscan engine. In one implementation, the number of segments and the sizesof the segments can be selected according to the lengths of thefingerprints and other scan parameters for a specific scan engine. Inanother implementation, the lengths of the fingerprints are selectedlinearly and all the fingerprint segments have a same size. Typicallythe size of a fingerprint segment is one or multiple times the scan stepsize. In another implementation, the scan step size is a multiple of afingerprint segment size for scanning and multiple fingerprint segmentsare synthesized in parallel.

In one implementation, the fingerprint database can be one or more ofone or more bloom filters and one or more hash tables. Typically, usingeither the hash table or the bloom filter results in a trade off betweenmemory efficiency and memory bandwidth. When the number of the stringsignatures can fit into on-chip memories that provide sufficient memorybandwidth, the bloom filter or even multiple hash tables may bepreferred. Alternatively, when the number of string signatures is largesuch that off-chip memory is required, the memory bandwidth is the mainconstraint and thus the hash table may be preferred instead of the bloomfilter.

In one implementation, additional bits of hash value are stored with abloom filter or a hash table for hash value multiplexing. In another oneimplementation, fingerprint length can be stored with a bloom filter ora hash table for fingerprint length multiplexing. The hash valuemultiplexing as well as fingerprint length multiplexing can furtherreduce the false positive and collision chance when the original hashkey is too large or too costly to be compared during the fingerprintscanning.

In one implementation, after the shadow spaces, fingerprints,fingerprint segments, and fingerprint data structure have beendetermined, a fixed-size string signature or substring of avariable-size string signature can be inserted into the fingerprintdatabase 148 and thus the signature database either as a whole or insegments in the shadow spaces.

In one implementation, the fragments other than the fingerprints of afixed-size string signature or substring of a variable-size stringsignature can be encoded and stored into fixed-size signature database166 for scanning through the entire fixed-size string signature orsubstring after a fingerprint is matched. In one implementation, one ormore fragments of a fixed-size string signature or substring of avariable-size string signature are encoded with one or more per basicunit or sub-basic unit masks for string signatures matching particularcriteria, (e.g., “don't care”, “equal”, “unequal”, “case-insensitive”,“case-sensitive”, “in a range”, “out of a range”) resulting in multiplemasked fragments. In another implementation, one or more per fragmentmasks or per fixed-size signature or signature substring masks are usedwith or without one or more per basic unit or per sub-basic unit masksfor improving storage efficiency.

In one implementation, the masked fragments can then be linked togetherby a linked list either in-order or out-of-order of the string signatureor complied into other search structures (e.g., trees). In oneimplementation, the lengths of the masked fragments can be variable orfixed size for all the masked fragments. The length of the maskedfragments can be selected optimally for a particular memoryarchitecture.

In another implementation, a group of string signatures can be furtherencoded differentially against one another to form a differential datastructure (e.g., differential trees), in order to reduce the number ofpossible signatures to zero or one quickly, in addition to let the falsepositive of detecting a string signature converging to zero as fast aspossible. The differential tree can be constructed using the differentbasic units among the string signatures.

In one implementation, signature database pre-processing is performedonly during initial signature database creation, when adding one or morenew signatures, or when deleting one or more existing signatures. In oneimplementation, the signature database can be updated dynamically duringthe signature scanning.

Scan Pre-Processing on String Field

The scan pre-processing engine 120 pre-processes string fields intodifferent formats in according to string signature database to simplifyand accelerate the processing in a later pipelined stage. In oneimplementation, the signatures in the signature database are not storedin an encoded format. Therefore, a decoding process can be applied bythe scan pre-processing engine 120 to an encoded string field to matchthe decoded format of the signatures in the signature database. Asillustrated in FIG. 1A, the scan pre-processing engine 120 includes ascan feeder 122, a string field memory 124, a format decoder 126, adecoded field memory 128, a shadow translator 130, and a shadow fieldmemory 132. The scan feeder 122 loads data to be scanned from the stringfield memory 124 to the format decoder 126. The format decoder 126performs decoding, parsing and decompressing, which can include MIMEdecoding, UU decoding, foreign language decoding, removing unnecessarystring data including meaningless string data (e.g., extra white space)and anti-scan junk string data (e.g., injected anti-scan junk data),HTML parsing, XML parsing, deflate decompressing, LZS decompressing,PKZip decompressing, and gzip decompressing. The format decoder 126 cannormalize the string field according to requirements of a particularsystem. After decoding and normalizing the string field, the formatdecoder 126 can store the decoded data in the decoded field memory 128.

The shadow translator 130 translates the decoded data into one or moreshadow spaces and stored the shadow data in the shadow field memory 132.For example, a signature database can include case-insensitivesignatures. To support case-insensitive signatures, the shadowtranslator 130 translates the data from the decoded field memory 128into all-lowercase and stores the lowercase string fields into theshadow field memory 132. The all-lowercase string fields are used forthe fingerprint scanning by the fingerprint scan engine 140. Bothcase-sensitive and case-insensitive signatures can then be scanned atsubstantially the same time. A match for a case-sensitive signature canbe verified using, e.g., the case-sensitive decoded field afterdetecting a case-insensitive signature shadow.

In one implementation, the scanning system 100 includes computingresources or network equipment that allow string signature scanning tobe performed on an entire string field. However, in anotherimplementation, the scanning system 100 includes computing resources ornetwork equipment that is unable to buffer an entire string field due,for example, to system limitations of memory space and low latencyrequirements. As a result, the string field can be broken into a numberof predefined blocks. The string signature scanning can then beperformed on each predefined block.

In one implementation, the size of a block is determined by the maximumstring signature size. The block of data can be further broken up intothree regions: one region for fingerprint scanning for covering allsignature scan locations, one region in advance of the fingerprintscanning region for reference data in advance of or within thefingerprint, and one region behind the fingerprint scanning region forreference data behind or within the fingerprint. The union of all thefingerprint scanning regions for a particular string field covers allpossible starting locations for the fingerprints within the stringfield. The three regions can have either a same size or different sizes.

In one implementation, a minimum size of the region in advance of thefingerprint scanning region can be a maximum fingerprint offset of allfingerprints in the signature database, while the minimum size of theregion behind the fingerprint scanning region can be the maximumdifference of signature lengths and fingerprint offsets of allfingerprints in the signature database and the minimum size of thefingerprint scanning region is the scan step size.

In one implementation, the scan block size can be selected according tothe parameters of the scanning system, such as the maximum signaturesize, the memory structure, and the scan speed. The scan block size canbe a few times, e.g., 2-4 times, the maximum signature size when themaximum signature size is large. For a smaller maximum signature size,the multiple factor can be larger.

In one implementation, the three regions have a same size equaling themaximum string signature size. The three regions can be placed intothree memory banks forming a ring for minimizing data movement inmemory. In another implementation, the three regions have differentsizes and the region in advance of the fingerprint scanning region issmaller than the other two regions that can have a same size ordifferent sizes.

In another implementation, to minimize data movement in memory, eachregion of the three regions of a scan block can be placed into one ormore memory banks that have a same size and where all the banks for allthree regions form a ring that starts at the first bank of the region inadvance of the fingerprint scanning region and ends at the last bank ofthe region behind the fingerprint scanning region. After scanning thefirst bank of the fingerprint scanning region, the first bank of thering will exit the ring and the bank will be available for loading newdata. After loading the new data, the bank will then enter the ringagain as the last bank. In one implementation, one or more additionalbanks can be added into the ring at the end of the ring for bufferingnew data.

In one implementation, the string field memory 124 includes the lastmemory bank only and thus the size of the string field memory 124 equalsthe size of a memory bank. Both the decoded field memory 128 and theshadow field memory 132 include all memory banks for the three regionsand thus their size equals the size of all the memory banks.

Special conditions exist for the first and the last blocks due toboundary conditions. In one implementation, impossible basic units ofthe maximum signature size can be padded into the reference area beforethe fingerprint scan area of the first block and after the fingerprintscan area of the last block. Impossible basic units include data whichno signature sequence begins or ends with, thus the padded referencearea cannot be part of an actual signature. The padding is not needed ifa valid range checking mechanism is added into the fingerprint scanengine 140, fixed-size signature search engine 160, and variable-sizesignature search engine 180. The range checking mechanism preventsscanning beyond a string field boundary.

Fingerprint Scanning

In one implementation, the fingerprint scan engine 140 can include oneor more of one or more content addressable memories (CAM) and one ormore finite automata (FA). In another implementation, when fingerprintsare fully specified either originally or after mapping into one ofshadow spaces, the fingerprint scan engine 140 can be a hash-basedengine. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, in one implementation, thefingerprint scan engine 140 includes a fingerprint scan controller 142,a fingerprint hash engine 144, a fingerprint search engine 146, afingerprint database 148, and a fingerprint synthesis engine 150. In oneimplementation, a fingerprint is scanned as a whole. The fingerprintsynthesis engine 150 is an optional component for implementations inwhich the fingerprint is scanned as a whole.

In another implementation, each fingerprint is broken up into multiplesegments that are first scanned independently. All the segments of afingerprint can be first scanned and then synthesized (e.g., using thefingerprint synthesis engine 150) either sequentially or in parallel togenerate scanning results of the fingerprint. In one implementation, thefingerprint scan controller 142 controls the entire scan processing.

The fingerprint scan engine 140 can return a result of no matches or amatched entry in the fingerprint database. The matched entry correspondsto one or more string signatures that can subsequently be searched bythe fixed-size signature search engine 160 and the variable-sizesignature search engine 180. The scanning process is completed if thereis no matched entry.

In one implementation, the fingerprint hash engine 144 includes multipleindependent universal hash functions, h₀, h₁, . . . , h_(I), to supportbloom filters. Bloom filters can be used, for example, when the memorysize rather than the memory bandwidth is constrained. For example,memory size can be constrained in a scanning system where the signaturedatabase is small enough to fit into on-chip memory.

In another implementation, the fingerprint hash engine 144 includesmultiple independent universal hash functions, h₀, h₁, . . . , h_(I), tosupport multiple hash tables. Multiple hash functions or tables can beused, for example, when an extremely low false positive is desired(e.g., 10 ⁻³ or less), the memory bandwidth is high, and the memory sizeis sufficiently large. For example, an extremely low false positive isdesired when a slow off-chip memory such as a DRAM is used for thefollow-on data structure while there is sufficient on-chip memory formultiple hash tables. In another implementation, the fingerprint hashengine 144 includes a single hash function h₀. A single hash table canbe used, for example, when the memory bandwidth rather than the memorysize is constrained. For example, memory bandwidth can be constrainedwhen the signature database is large such that an off-chip memory isused.

The fingerprint hash engine 144 takes n-bytes of data from the shadowfield memory 132 and hashes the data. The data can be hashed alone orwith either initial random values (IV) or previous hash values togenerate current hash values for all of the hash functions. In oneimplementation, one of the hash functions, for example, the first hashfunction h₀, generates more bits of the hash value than the other hashfunctions that generate the same number of bits of hash values.

The hash values from the hash functions can be used to search throughthe fingerprint database 148 using the fingerprint search engine 146. Inone implementation, the fingerprint search engine 146 includes a bloomfilter and a hash de-multiplexer. The bloom filter checks all the validbits indexing by the hash values. If all the valid bits are set, thehash de-multiplexer searches through a corresponding hash bucket for ahash value that has extra bits. The de-multiplexing is performed bychecking the extra bits of a particular hash value, with or withoutfingerprint length and other information about the fingerprint. The hashde-multiplexer can further reduce false positive signature matchresults. In one implementation, the bloom filter can be reduced into ahash table. In another implementation, the bloom filter can be expandedinto multiple hash tables.

The fingerprints of different lengths can be scanned either in parallelor sequentially. In one implementation, multiple fingerprint searchengines 146 can be used to scan in parallel. For example, onefingerprint search engine 146 can be used for scanning each differentfingerprint length.

In another implementation, a single fingerprint search engine 146 canperform a sequential fingerprint scan on multiple fingerprint lengths.For example, the lengths of the fingerprints can be a multiple of thescan step size. For each fast string signature scan engine 100, there isa valid set of fingerprint lengths, {S, 2*S, 3*S, . . . , m*S}, where Sis the scan step size and m*S is the maximum fingerprint size. At eachscan location, the fingerprints of different lengths are scannedsequentially. A sequential hash function that applies to an s-unitsubstring of the fingerprints can be used for the scanning. In oneimplementation, sequential fingerprint scanning of the fingerprint scanengine 140 can be described with the following pseudo-code:

k = [t/S]; For (i = 0, i < k−1, k++) {  Scan position = i*S;  Previoushash value = IV;  For (j = 0, j < m−1, j++)  {   Hashed length = j*S;  if (scan position + hashed length < t)   {    Current hash string =string field[scan position + hashed length,                scanposition + hash length + S − 1];    Current hash value = hash (currenthash string, previous hash value);    Signature search pointer =fingerprint database search(current hash                         value);    Signature ID = signature search(signature search pointer);    Previous hash value = current hash value;  }  } }where S is the scan step size, m*n is the maximum fingerprint size, t isthe total length of string field to be scanned, IV is the initial hashvalue, and the hash( ) is a sequential hash function. The fingerprintdatabase search( ) is performed in the fingerprint search engine 146 andthe fingerprint synthesis engine 150, while the signature search( ) isperformed in the fixed-size signature search engine 160 andvariable-size signature search engine 180.

FIGS. 2A-C illustrate example data structures of fingerprint database148 that include a bloom filter table 200, a fingerprint bucket list250, and a hash entry block 256, when fingerprints of different lengthsare scanned as a whole. By using the hash values, {hash value0a, hashvalue1, . . . , hash valuei}, from the fingerprint hash engine 144, thehash fingerprint search engine 146 indexes into the bloom filter table200. Each entry of the bloom filter table 200 includes a valid flag 202and a bucket list pointer (“blptr”) 204. The valid flag 202 is a flagthat is set when there is at least one string signature in the entry. Inone implementation, the blptr 204 is only valid for the hash value0a andis a bucket list pointer for a header of the fingerprint bucket list250. If all the bits of valid flag 202 indexed by all the hash valuesare set, further fingerprint scanning can be performed on thefingerprint bucket list 250 pointed to by the blptr 204. In anotherimplementation, the blptr 204 is selected the same as the hash value0aso that it can be omitted for reducing the size of a bloom filter tableor a hash table at the cost of larger storage for the followed-on datastructures.

In one implementation, the fingerprints are inserted into an entry ofthe bloom filter table 200 using the hash value0a, while the other hashvalues can be used to reduce the false positives. Additionally, todelete a string signature without affecting other string signatures, acounter for each entry can be used for tracking a number of signaturesin the entry. In another implementation, the bloom filter table 200 canbe reduced into a hash table with only one hash value (e.g., hashvalue0a). In another implementation, the bloom filter table 200 can beexpanded into multiple hash tables.

In one implementation, the fingerprint bucket list 250 is a linked list.Each element of the fingerprint bucket list 250 includes a last flag252, a next element pointer (“nptr”) 254, and an entry block 256. Thenptr 254 points to a next element of the fingerprint bucket list 250.When a tail of the fingerprint bucket list 250 is reached, the last flag252 is set. The last flag 252 is an optional bit introduced for fastdetection of the tail because the tail can also be detected by checkingif the nptr 254=NULL. Each entry block 256 includes up to n fingerprintentries, where n is any integer larger than 0. In one implementation, anoptimal n can be selected based on the memory architecture of thescanning system. For example, for a SRAM architecture, n can be equal toone, while n>1 can be used for a DRAM architecture.

In one implementation, each fingerprint entry in the entry block 256 ofthe fingerprint bucket list 250 includes a hash value (“hash val0b”)260, a fingerprint length (“fingerp len”) 262, a type 264, a signaturegroup pointer (“sgptr”) 266 or signature pointer (“sptr”) 268, and anoffset 270 as illustrated in FIG. 2C. The hash val0b 260 and fingerp len262 are introduced for hash value multiplexing and fingerprint lengthmultiplexing, respectively. When the type 264=0, a sgptr 266 is returnedfor a signature group; otherwise, a sptr 268 is returned for a singlesignature. The offset 270 is the offset from the header of thefingerprint to the next basic unit to be compared or the header of thenext substring to be compared. The offset 270 is not required if thereis no the next data structure. The offset 270 can be set to 0, when notrequired for the next data structure. In another implementation, a validbit can be added into each fingerprint entry in the entry block 256 forn>1. The hash val0b 260 and the fingerp len 262 can also be checked whenthe valid bit is set.

In one implementation, each fingerprint entry in the entry block 256 isdesigned for storing a single fingerprint. However, in anotherimplementation, because the original fingerprints can be very long, havedifferent sizes, and because there are more signature search stagesafter the fingerprint database search, the original fingerprint is notincluded in each fingerprint entry. As the result, each matchedfingerprint entry can include either no fingerprint due to theprobability of a false positive or more than one fingerprint due to theprobability of a fingerprint collision.

When a simple hash table rather than a bloom filter table is used forthe fingerprint scanning, the probability of a false positive issubstantially on the order of (k/2^(m)) and the probability of afingerprint collision is substantially on the order of (k²/2_(2m)) for(k/2^(m))<<1, where the k is the number of fingerprints in total and them is the number of bits in the hash value0 that includes the hashvalue0a and hash value0b. The probabilities can substantially decreasewhen a bloom filter table is used. The probabilities can furtherdecrease when multiple hash tables are used. To minimize signaturesearches at later stages, both the probability of a false positive andthe probability of a fingerprint collision can be reduced tosubstantially zero. In one implementation, sufficiently large m andnumber of hash functions can be selected to minimize the probability ofa false positive and the probability of a fingerprint collision.

To reduce storage space, in one implementation, multiple hash values canbe multiplexed into a single fingerprint database to reduce theprobability of an empty entry. Each hash value can be broken into twopieces: hash value1 of m1 bits and hash value2 of (m−m1) bits. The hashvalue1 can be used for indexing into a fingerprint database, while thehash value2, (e.g., hash val0b 260), can be used for resolving the hashcollisions and the false positives. The smaller the value of m1, theless the required storage space, but the longer the fingerprint bucketlist 250. In one implementation, the average length of the fingerprintbucket list is less than 1 when 2^(m1) is substantially 2 or more timesk.

To save storage space and reduce the complexity of the table management,in another implementation, all the fingerprints of different lengths canbe multiplexed into a single fingerprint database. The fingerprintlength, fingerp len 262, can be introduced to further reduce theprobability of a false positive and the probability of a fingerprintcollision.

The search data structures illustrated in FIGS. 2A-C can be implementedin several different ways. A particular implementation can be selectedbased on the size of signature table, the available memory sizes andtheir types such as on-chip SRAM, on-chip DRAM, off-chip SRAM, andoff-chip DRAM. For example, in one implementation, if the size of thesignature table is 128K, the valid flag 202 can be put in an on-chipSRAM for faster access. The blptr 204 can be put into a table in anoff-chip SRAM. The valid flag 202 is accessed by all the hash values,while the blptr 204 is only indexed by the hash value, hash val0a. Theblptr 204 is accessed, only when each valid flag 202 for all the hashvalues are set. The last 252 and nptr 254 can be put in a table in anoff-chip SRAM and the hash val0b 260 and fingerp len 262 can be put inanother table in an off-chip SRAM or DRAM, while the type 264, sgptr266, sptr 268, and offset 270 are put in another table in an off-chipDRAM. The type 264, sgptr 266, sptr 268, and offset 270 can be accessedwhen both the hash val0b 260 and fingerp len 262 are matched.

In one implementation, to gain scanning efficiency, a fingerprint of astring signature can be broken up into multiple segments that are firstscanned either sequentially or in parallel and then synthesized by thefingerprint synthesis engine 150 to generate the scanning results of thefingerprint. Breaking up the fingerprint of a string signature intomultiple segments for scanning can speed up the fingerprint scanningbecause the number of unique fingerprint segment lengths is typicallymuch smaller than the number of unique fingerprint lengths or reduce thefalse positive for supporting longer fingerprints that include morefingerprint segments.

In one implementation, the fingerprint segment synthesizing is exact orcomplete without a false positive. In another implementation, toaccelerate the fingerprint scanning, the fingerprint segmentsynthesizing is “coarse” or partial with false positives. To reduce theprobability of a false positive, information regarding one or more ofpossible locations and possible lengths of each fingerprint segment canbe stored and used for synthesizing the fingerprint segments into anyfingerprint matches in parallel or sequentially.

FIGS. 2D-E illustrates example data structures for the entry block andcorresponding fingerprint synthesis engine for generating scanningresults when multiple fingerprint segments are scanned sequentially forthe case where there is at-least-one match. In one implementation, amatch will be reported as far as at least one fingerprint is detected,but no information regarding how many fingerprints are matched and thelength of the fingerprint is reported.

As illustrated in FIG. 2D, in one implementation, each entry in theentry block 257 includes a hash val0b 260, a fingerprint segment bitmap(“fs bitmap”) 272, an at-least-one match fingerprint synthesisinformation (“ofs info”) 274, type 264, sgptr 266 or sptr 268, andoffset 270 for a particular fingerprint segment. The fs bitmap 272 is avalid bitmap array and where the number of bits is the same as thenumber of the fingerprint segments supported by the fingerprintsynthesis engine 151. The i^(th) bit in a fs bitmap 272 is set when theentry is an i^(th) segment of a fingerprint. The fs bitmap 272 specifiesall possible locations of the segment in any fingerprints. The ofs info274 is the fingerprint synthesis information for the at-least-one matchcase specifying how many segments are in the shortest fingerprint thatincludes the segment. In one implementation, the ofs info 274 is storedin the first segment of the fingerprint. In another implementation, theofs info 274 or any other fingerprint length information is stored ineach fingerprint segment of the fingerprint. In another implementation,the ofs info 274 is omitted.

In one implementation, the hash val0b 260 is the same as in FIG. 2C. Thetype 264, sgptr 266, sptr 268, and offset 270 are also the same as thosein FIG. 2C, are stored with the first segment of a fingerprint, and areused after delaying by the number of segments less 1 clock cycle. In oneimplementation, because the type 264, sgptr 266, sptr 268, and offset270 fields are only stored in the first segment, all the fingerprintssharing the same first segment are stored together. In oneimplementation, the chance of multiple fingerprints sharing the samefingerprint segment is minimized during the selection of thefingerprint.

FIG. 2E illustrates an implementation of the corresponding fingerprintsynthesis engine 151 when the ofs info 274 is only stored in the firstsegment of each fingerprint. In one implementation, the fingerprintsegment size is selected to be the same as the scan step size. Forexample, both the fingerprint segment size and scan step size can beequal to four such that the lengths of the fingerprints are 4, 8, 12,and 16. The fingerprint synthesis engine 151 includes twelve Dflip-flops 280, three 2-input AND gates 282, and a 4-input MUX 284.Input is provided by the fs bitmap 272 and the ofs info 274. Thefingerprint synthesis engine 151 outputs a match 290 if a fingerprint isfound. The match 290 is only valid when the first segment of asynthesized fingerprint is the first segment of a fingerprint. In oneimplementation, to validate the match 290, the 4-input MUX 284 isreplaced by a 5-input MUX with a new input tied to zero for segmentsthat are not the first segment of a fingerprint.

In one implementation, the fingerprint synthesis engine 151 can beexpanded to support additional fingerprint length information for thesegments other than the first segment of a fingerprint by addingadditional gates for the additional fingerprint length information atdifferent delay stages. In another implementation, when the ofs info 274is not stored with any fingerprint segment, the fingerprint synthesisengine 151 can be simplified by removing the MUX 284 and all the gatesthat are not for the shortest fingerprint length in a signaturedatabase. In another implementation, the fingerprint synthesis engine151 can be easily modified for other scan step sizes, number offingerprint segments, and lengths of the fingerprints. In oneimplementation, the fingerprint synthesis engine 151 can output onefingerprint scanning result at every clock cycle, since multiplefingerprint matches can be collapsed into a single at-least-one match.

FIGS. 2F-G illustrate an alternative implementation of data structuresfor the entry block and a corresponding fingerprint synthesis engine forthe case in which all detected matches are presented (“all matches”case) when multiple fingerprint segments are scanned sequentially. Oneor more later stage scans can be required when more than one fingerprintof different lengths are detected as a signature match.

As illustrated in FIG. 2F, each entry in the entry block 258 includes ahash val0b 260, a fs bitmap 272, an all match fingerprint synthesisinformation (“afs info”) 276, a type 264, a sgptr 266 or sptr 268, andan offset 270 for a particular fingerprint segment. The afs info 276 isthe fingerprint synthesis information for all matches and the number ofbits in the afs info 276 is the same as the number of fingerprintsegments supported by the fingerprint synthesis engine 152. The i^(th)bit in the afs info 276 is set when it is a segment of a fingerprinthaving i segments. The other fields in the entry block 258 correspond tothe fields in FIG. 2D. In one implementation, the afs info 276 is onlystored in the first segment of the fingerprint. In anotherimplementation, the afs info 276 or any other fingerprint lengthinformation is stored in each fingerprint segment of a fingerprint. Inanother implementation, the afs info 276 is omitted.

FIG. 2G illustrates an implementation of the corresponding fingerprintsynthesis engine 152 for a case having more than one fingerprint sizeswhen the afs info 276 is only stored in the first segment of eachfingerprint. The fingerprint synthesis engine 152 uses the same scanstep size, fingerprint segment size, and fingerprint lengths as in FIG.2E. The fingerprint synthesis engine 152 includes sixteen D flip-flops280, five 2-input AND gates 282, and a 3-input AND gate 286. Thefingerprint synthesis engine 152 outputs a match0 292, a match1 294, amatch2 296, and a match3 298, for respectively matching a fingerprint ofone segment long, two segments long, three segments long, and four 55segments long. In one implementation, the fingerprint synthesis engine152 can be expanded to support additional fingerprint length informationfor the segments other than the first segment of a fingerprint by addingadditional logic gates such as AND gates or additional inputs in theexisting AND gates at different delay stages.

In another implementation, when the afs info 276 is not stored with anyfingerprint segment, the fingerprint synthesis engine 152 can besimplified by removing the inputs of the AND gates for the afs info 276and all the gates that are not for a fingerprint length in a signaturedatabase. In one implementation, the entry block 258 in FIG. 2F can beexpanded to have multiple sets of the type 264, sgptr 266 or sptr 268,and offset 270 fields; one set of fields for each fingerprint length.Furthermore, in one implementation, the information regarding the exactlength of a fingerprint can also be used in further scanning stages.

The fingerprint synthesis engine 152 can scan all the fingerprints ofdifferent lengths. However, because the type 264, sgptr 266 or sptr 268,and offset 270 fields are stored in a single fingerprint segment, allthe fingerprints sharing that segment are stored together. Properselection of the fingerprints for each string signature can minimize theeffect. However, to eliminate the effect, the type 264, sgptr 266 orsptr 268, and offset 270 can be stored in another table indexed by allmatched segments. All the addresses to the matched segments can be usedfor locating an entry in the table.

In another implementation, the fs bitmap 272, in addition to the ofsinfo 274 or the afs info 276, can be further omitted so that nosynthesis information is stored with each of fingerprint segments.Fingerprint segments can then be synthesized based on all possiblefingerprint formats in the signature database. A fingerprint match isconsidered as positive if multiple fingerprint segments are satisfied inany one of all the fingerprint formats. For a special case, afingerprint match is considered as positive if multiple fingerprintsegments satisfy the minimum requirements of all the fingerprintformats.

FIGS. 2H-I illustrate another implementation of data structures of anentry block and a corresponding fingerprint synthesis engine operatingin parallel for both the at-least-one match case and the all matchescase, when multiple fingerprint segments are scanned in parallel. Asillustrated in FIG. 2H, each entry in the entry block 259 includes ahash val0b 260, a fingerprint segment match bit (“fs mbit”) 278, a type264, a sgptr 266 or sptr 268, and an offset 270. The fs mbit 278 is amatch bit for the fingerprint segment and the other fields correspond tofields in the entry block 257 of FIG. 2D. The fs mbit 278 has specificmeaning for a specific engine (i.e., one of ENG0, ENG1, ENG2, or ENG3)of a parallel fingerprint synthesis engine illustrated in FIG. 2I. Thefs mbit 278 of the i^(th) engine (i.e., ENGi) is set when the entry isan i^(th) segment of any fingerprints. In one implementation, the i^(th)engine of the parallel fingerprint synthesis engine only stores thei^(th) segments of fingerprints so that the fs mbit 278 is always setand can be omitted. In one implementation, fingerprint lengthinformation similar to the ofs info 274 and the afs info 276 can bestored in either the first fingerprint segment of a fingerprint or eachfingerprint segment of a fingerprint, to further reduce the falsepositive syntheses.

FIG. 2I illustrates an implementation of the corresponding fingerprintsynthesis engine 153 that operates in parallel, when no fingerprintlength information is provided. The fingerprint synthesis engine 153includes a 2-input AND gate 282, a 3-input AND gate 286, a 3-input ANDgate 288, and a 4-input OR gate 285. The fingerprint synthesis engine153 outputs a match0 292, a match1 294, a match2 296, and a match3 298for all match cases, while outputting a single match 290 for theat-least-one match case. In one implementation, a global fingerprintlength filter can be applied to the match0 292, match1 294, match2 296,match3 298, and match 290 to filter out matches of impossiblefingerprint lengths. In one implementation, the fingerprint synthesisengine 153 can be expanded to support fingerprint length informationstored in either the first fingerprint segment of each fingerprint oreach fingerprint segment of each fingerprint at cost of additional logicgates. In one implementation, the parallel fingerprint segment scanningcan speed up the scanning speed for a large scan step size that ismultiple times of the size of the fingerprint segment.

In general, in one implementation, each fixed-size signature can bebroken up into multiple segments that are first scanned independently.All the segments of a signature can be first scanned and thensynthesized either sequentially or in parallel to generate scanningresults of the signature, in the same way as scanning and synthesizingfingerprint segments. Typically the number of unique signature segmentlengths, if not one, is much less than the number of unique signaturelengths so that the scanning speed for scanning methods that required anindependent scanning for patterns of each unique length increasesaccordingly. In one implementation, two or more signature segments of asame length are scanned in parallel.

In one implementation, one or more of one or more hash tables and one ormore bloom filters are used for scanning for the signature segments thatare fully specified. In one implementation, the fingerprint synthesisengine 150 is used for synthesizing identified signature segments intoany signature matches either sequentially or in parallel when there isat least one signature match. The data structures and implementationsillustrated in FIGS. 2D-I can be used for synthesizing signaturesegments. In another implementation, one or more of one or more finiteautomata (FA) and one or more content addressable memories (CAM) areused for synthesizing identified signature segments into any signaturematches.

Fixed-Size Signature Scanning

Referring back to FIG. 1, the fixed-size signature search engine 160includes a signature finder 162, a signature verifier 164, and afixed-size signature database 166. The signature finder 162 can identifya potential fixed-size string signature, a potential fixed-sizesubstring of a variable-size string signature, or a potential signaturefamily that includes multiple potential fixed-size signatures orsubstrings. The potential signature strings or substrings identified bythe signature finder 162 can then be fully verified by the signatureverifier 164. The fixed-size signature database 166 is a database forthe signature finder 162 and the signature verifier 164.

The fixed-size signature database 166 can be implemented in varioussearch data structures. In one implementation, as illustrated in FIGS.3A-B, the fixed-size signature database 166 is a two dimension linkedlist, a signature group list 300, formed by linking multiple signaturelists 350 together. Each element of the signature group list 300includes a next element pointer (“nptr”) 302, an offset 304, and asignature pointer (“sptr”) 306. The nptr 302 is a next point that pointsto a next element in the signature group list 300, while the sptr 306points to a particular signature list 350. The offset 304 specifies theoffset from a header of a particular fingerprint to the header of aparticular string signature pointed to by the sptr 306.

To form a signature list 350, each fixed-size string signature orsubstring of a variable-size string signature can be broken intomultiple signature segments 352. The signature segments 352 can belinked together in the scan order from the first basic unit of a stringsignature or signature substring. In one implementation, the segmentscan have a different size. In an alternative implementation, all thesegments can have a same size and the size can be optimally selectedaccording to the system architecture. Each element of the signature list350 includes a signature segment (“signature seg”) 352, a mask 354, alast flag 356, a next pointer (“nptr”) 358, a type 360, and asignature/string ID (“sid”) 362. The nptr 358 is a next pointer and thelast flag 356 is a tail flag. When the type 360 has a value of 0, thesid 362 is a string ID 364; otherwise, the sid 362 is a signature ID366. The mask 354 is used to specify certain criteria including: “don'tcare”, “equal”, “unequal”, “in a range”, “out of a range”,“case-insensitive”, and “case-sensitive” on the basic unit or evensub-basic unit. Specifying the criteria can be performed by selectingthe sources and results of a comparison unit. If a string signature isnot a multiple of the segment size, the string signature is padded with,up to (the segment size-1), Os or any other values at the tail of thestring signature and the mask for padding units shall be set to “don'tcare”.

In one implementation, the mask 354 for each basic unit has 3 bits. Thefirst bit is set equal 0 for “case-insensitive” and 1 for“case-sensitive”, while the last two bit are set equal to 0 for “equal”,1 for “unequal”, 2 for “don't care”, and 3 for “reserved”. Additionalmask bits can be used for selecting any other comparison format, such asa pre-defined range (numerical characters or alphabetic characters), asymbol class, or an arbitrary range as needed. In other implementation,to gain storage efficiency, one or more per fragment or per fixed-sizesignature or signature substring masks are used with or without the perbasic unit or per sub-basic unit masks.

In one implementation, the signature finder 162 can search through thesignature group list 300 until a tail, where the nptr 302 has a value ofNULL, is reached. For each element of the signature group list 300, asptr 306 value that points into a signature list 350 is returned.

The signature verifier 164 can perform signature verification for eachsignature list 350. The signature verifier 164 exams each signaturesegment one by one in the scan order, starting from the header of thestring signature. The signature verifier 164 will exit the signatureverification, if no match is found; otherwise, the signature verifier164 searches through the entire signature list 350 until a tail, wherelast 356 has a value of 1, is reached. If a match is found, thesignature verifier 164 returns a string ID 364 for a substring of avariable-size string signature, if type 360 is 0; otherwise, a signatureID 366 is returned for a fixed-size string signature.

In another implementation, the signature segments 352 can be linkedtogether in an optimal order in order to make the false positive matchesconverge to zero quickly as the number of segments increases. An offsetfield specifying the offset between a current segment and a next segmentshall be added into each entry of the signature list 350. Although thelengths of the segments can vary from one segment to another segment, afixed length of segments can be selected.

FIGS. 4A-B illustrate block diagrams of an example signature unitcomparator 400 and a signature segment comparator 450 in accordance withone implementation. The signature unit comparator 400 can perform thecomparisons in the fixed-size signature searches. The signature unitcomparator 400 includes a mask decoder 402, a 2-input MUX 404, an equalcomparator 406, two inverters 408, a 4-input multiplexer 410, a 2-inputOR gate 412, and a range comparator 414. The mask decoder 402 can decodemask bits into control signals for the source and output of the equalcomparator 406 and range comparator 414. In one implementation, therange comparator 414 is optional for a predefined, global range foreither each string field or each string signature. In oneimplementation, m range comparators 414 can be used for supporting mpredefined, global ranges. In another implementation, a unit match 416can be sent out after performing a logic OR with a “don't care” bit.

Multiple signature unit comparators 400 and a multiple input AND gate452 can be used to build a signature segment comparator 450. The unit ofdata used by the signature segment comparator 450 is typically a byte,but can also be a nibble or any other size. In another implementation,the signature unit comparator 400 can be replaced by a signature unitcomparator 480, as illustrated in FIG. 4C, to support a local signatureunit range. Each masked unit in the signature seg 352 can be expandedinto a masked unit range, or a masked pair of units that specify thelower and upper bounds of the signature unit.

In one implementation, multiple signature lists can be searched by thefixed-size signature search engine 160 (FIG. 1). However, theprobability of searching multiple signature lists is typically very low.Differential encoding, in which the signatures in a signature group areencoded against each other, can be used when searching multiplesignature lists. For example, in one implementation, a selected stringunit tree 500, as illustrated in FIG. 5A, can be designed as a searchdata structure for the signature finder 162 (FIG. 1). Selected stringunit tree 500 includes nodes 520a-520e. At each node 520 of the selectedstring unit tree 500, there can be two branches, one matched branchpointed by ptr1 530 and another unmatched branch pointed by ptr2 532.

As shown in FIG. 5B, there can be two different types of nodes in theselected string unit tree 500, as illustrated by selected unit tree node520: a leaf node in which the type 528 has a value of 1 and a non-leafnode in which the type 528 has a value of 0. For a non-leaf node, thematched branch always points into another node 520 in the tree and theunmatched branch points into either another node 520 in the tree orNULL. For a leaf node, the matched branch always points into a signaturefamily list 550, shown in FIG. 5C, and the unmatched branch points intoeither another node 520 in the tree or NULL.

In one implementation, as illustrated in FIG. 5B, each node 520 of theselected string unit tree 500 includes an offset 522, a unit 524, a mask526, a type 528, a ptr1 530, and a ptr2 532. The type 528 includes atype for the leaf and non-leaf nodes described above. The selectedstring unit 524 can correspond to any location within a string signatureand the location can be given by either the offset 522 in the previousnode 520 if the node 520 is not the root of the tree (e.g., the previousnode of node 520b is node 520a, but node 520a does not have a previousnode because node 520a is the root of the string unit tree 500), or theoffset 270 in the matched fingerprint bucket list element 250 (FIG. 2B)if the node 520 is the root of the tree (e.g., node 520a). Each selectedstring unit includes mask 526 that corresponds to the mask 354 in thesignature list 350 (FIG. 3B).

There is at least one basic unit different for any two string signaturesif one of the string signatures is not a substring of another stringsignature. A string unit 524 can therefore be selected to differentiateat least two string signatures so that at least one signature can beeliminated by matching the string unit 524. Ambiguity among thesignatures having at least one different basic unit can be resolved bysearching through the selected string unit tree 500. The selected stringunit tree 500 is illustrated in one implementation as a binary tree. Inone implementation, a corresponding k-nary selected string unit tree canalso be constructed. In one implementation, k units in a unit locationfrom k signatures in a signature group can be used in each node of thek-nary tree, although more than one basic unit or a substring from asingle signature can also be used in each node of the k-nary tree.

In one implementation a string signature can be a substring of anotherstring signature. The signatures that have child-parent relationshipscan be indistinguishable to the selected string unit tree 500. In oneimplementation, no further scan is required after detecting any one ofthe signatures, thus is not necessary to distinguish between stringsignatures and substrings of a string signature. As a result, only theshortest substring is scanned. However, in another implementation,distinguishing between each of the signatures or identifying a longestsignature is needed.

To support a family of signatures that has child-parent relationships,in one implementation, a signature family list 550, as illustrated inFIG. 5C, is provided as a search data structure for the signatureverifier 164 (FIG. 1). Each element of the signature family list 550includes a type 552, an offset 554, a signature segment 556, a mask 558,a nptr 560, a sid type 562, and a sid 564. In one implementation, tosupport a family of signatures, the signature family list 550 has twotypes of elements: a search element with the type 552 has a value of 0and a result element with the type 552 has a value of 1. At each searchelement, a fixed-size signature segment 556 is compared according to themask 558. The signature segment 556 and mask 558 are the same as thosein the signature list 350 (FIG. 3B). However, there is no signaturesegment comparison for the result elements.

In one implementation, the system searches for all matched signatures.For each matched signature, a sid 564 is returned. However, thesignature search continues for a matched signature's parents until atail of the signature family list 550, where the nptr 560 has a NULLvalue, is reached. There are two types of the sid 564: a signature ID568 and a string ID 566. The type of the sid 564 is given by the sidtype 562. When the sid type 562 has a value of 0, the sid 564 is thestring ID 566 for a substring of a variable-size string signature;otherwise, the sid 564 is the signature ID 568 for a fixed-size stringsignature.

In one implementation, the signature family list 550 is linked from theyoungest generation, or the shortest substring, to the oldestgeneration, or the longest substring of the family. The offset 554specifies the offset from a header of a current signature segment 556 tothe header of a next signature segment 556. The searching of thesignature family list 500 can be stopped, if no match is found.Specifying the offset between signature segments can allow for earlytermination of the searching by identifying a mismatch.

In one implementation, the signature family list 550 can only support asingle signature in each generation of a signature family. If there aremore than one signatures in one particular generation, multiplesignature family lists 550 are used, one for each signature in theparticular generation. Each multiple signature family list 550 can bedistinguished by the selected string unit tree 500.

In another implementation, the mask encored signatures can be stored andscanned in one or more storage devices including a content addressablememory (CAM).

Variable-Size Signature Scanning

Referring back to FIG. 1, the fixed-size signature search engine 160returns the string IDs, their sizes and locations within the stringfield for all the fixed-size substrings of all the variable-sizesignatures in the scan order. Using the information from the identifiedfixed-size substrings, the variable-size signature search engine 180synthesizes the identified fixed-size signature substrings into anyvariable-sized signatures. In one implementation, one or more finiteautomata (FA) are used for the fixed-size signature substringsynthesizing. In another implementation, the variable-size signaturesearch engine 180 includes a signature rule lookup engine 182, asignature state verifier 184, a signature rule database 186, and asignature state table 188. The signature rule database 186 definesstatic rules for synthesizing fixed-size substrings of a variable-sizesignature into the variable-size signature. The signature state table188 dynamically stores all the states for the syntheses processing foran input string field.

The signature rule lookup engine 182 identifies the signature rulesassociated with the matched string IDs from the signature rule database186 and provides the associated signature rules to the signature stateverifier 184. The signature state verifier 184 synthesizes the matchedstrings into any variable-size string signatures according to thesignature rules and updates the signature state table 188.

There are various data structures for the signature rule database 186and the signature state table 188. In one implementation, as illustratedin FIG. 6, the signature rule database 186 can be implemented as asignature rule list 600. The signature rule list 600 can be indexed by astring ID from the fixed-size signature search engine 160. Multiplevariable-size string signatures can contain the same substring. Thesignature rule list 600 can link together all the variable-size stringsignatures that contain a particular substring given by the string ID.

In one implementation, each element of the signature rule list 600corresponds to a variable-size string signature. Each element includes asignature ID 602, an order 604, a last flag 606, a next element pointer(“nptr”) 608, and a distance range information (“dis info”) 610. Thesignature ID 602 identifies a particular variable-size string signature.The order 604 specifies an order of the substring given by the string IDamong all the substrings of the variable-size string signature. The lastflag 606 indicates whether or not the substring given by the string IDis the last substring of the variable-size string signature. The lastflag 606 indicates the completion of the variable-size string signaturesearch processing. The nptr 608 is a next pointer that points to a nextelement of the signature rule list 600. The dis info 610 is an optionalfield specifying a distance range between a current substring and a nextsubstring (i.e., the minimum and maximum numbers of basic units betweenthe two substrings). The dis info 610 can be omitted or reduced to aminimum distance or a maximum distance, for example, in situations wherethe range or the maximum or minimum distance is pre-defined or infinite.

In another implementation, each element of the signature rule list 600can include one or more additional fields for specifying one or morevariable-size signature substrings between two or more fixed-sizesignature substrings. For example, either a “pattern” or a “patternpointer” and a “pattern” can be added into each element of the signaturerule list 600 for a variable-size signature substring that repeats tofill the gap specified by the dis info 610.

In one implementation, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the signature statetable 188 can be implemented as one or more signature state lists 700.Each signature state list 700 can dynamically store signature states forall the substrings of all the variable-size string signatures identifiedfor a string field of a particular connection. Each element of thesignature state list 700 includes a signature ID 702, a last stringorder (“lorder”) 704, a next string location (“nloc”) 706, and a nextelement pointer (“nptr”) 708. The signature ID 702 is an identificationof a particular variable-size string signature. The lorder 704 is anorder of a particular sub string given by a last string ID for theparticular variable-size string signature. The nloc 706 is a validlocation range for the substring given by a next string ID for theparticular variable-size string signature.

In one implementation, each string field of each individual connectionhas a signature state list 700. Typically, at each period of time, foreach individual connection, only one string field is being scanned andthere is only one signature state list 700. The signature state list 700can include an entire valid history of all matched substrings of all thevariable-size string signatures for a string field of a particularconnection.

The signature state list 700 can be dynamic. In one implementation, anew element can be inserted into a signature state list 700 for a stringfield of a particular connection, if the sub string given by the stringID is a first substring of a variable-size string signature, where theorder 604=1, and there is no existing element for the particularvariable-size string signature. An element of the signature state list700 scan be deleted, if a current string header location is not within avalid range specified by the nloc 706 or if a timeout occurs. An elementof the signature state list 700 can also be deleted after a matchedvariable-size string signature is found based on the element. In oneimplementation, all the elements of the signature state list 700 for astring field of a particular connection can be deleted at the end of thestring field.

Referring back to FIGS. 1 and 6, in one implementation, the signaturerule lookup engine 182 receives a string ID from the fixed-sizesignature search engine 160. The signature rule lookup engine 182searches through the entire signature rule list 600 identified by thestring ID and sends information (e.g., {signature ID 602, order 604,last 606, dis info 610}) from each element of the signature rule list600, along with information from the fixed-size signature search engine160 (e.g., {string header location, string size, connection ID, stringfield ID}), to the signature state verifier 184 sequentially, until atail of the string rule list 600 (i.e., where the nptr 608 has a NULLvalue) is reached.

For each element in the signature rule lookup engine 182, the signaturestate verifier 184 searches through the signature state list 700 pointedto by the connection ID. For each element of the signature state list700, if the signature ID 602 and signature ID 702 are the same, theorder 604 has a value equal to the value of the lorder 704+1, and thestring header location is within the valid range specified by the nloc706, a match is found. For each matched element of the signature statelist 700, the signature ID 602 is returned and the element is deleted,when the last flag 606 has a value of 1; otherwise, the element isupdated as the lorder 704 having a value equal to the value of the order604 and the nloc 706 having values equal to sums of the string headerlocation, the string size, and the values of the dis info 610. No actionis performed on the element when a match is not found.

In one implementation, the signature state list 700 can perform thescanning when the signature state list 700 is short and only one stringfield is being scanned for a particular connection at a particular time.However, if the signature state list 700 is long or multiple stringfields are scanned for a particular connection at a particular time,other search data structure can be used for the signature state table188. In one implementation, the signature state table 188 can be asignature state bloom filter or a signature state hash table, similar tothe data structure in FIGS. 2A-2C. The hash key of the signature statebloom filter or a signature state hash table is a 3-tuple {connectionID, string field ID, signature ID}. In one implementation, the stringfield ID is not used when only one string field is being scanned foreach connection at a particular time.

In one implementation, a data structure replaces the entry block 256 ofFIGS. 2A-2C with a new entry block 856, as illustrated in FIG. 8. Eachelement of the entry block 856 includes a signature ID 860, a connectionID (“conn ID”) 862, a field ID 864, a last string order (“lorder”) 866,and a next string location (“nloc”) 868. The hash key 3-tuple {signatureID 860, conn ID 862, field ID 864}, can be stored to resolve any hashcollisions, while the lorder 866 and nloc 868 have the same definitionas the lorder 704 and nloc 706 described above with respect to FIG. 7.

At each entry of the entry block 856, if an original key is the same,order 604 has a value equal to the value of the lorder 866+1, and thestring header location is within a valid range specified by the nloc868, a match is found. The signature ID 602 can be returned and theelement can be deleted when a matched entry is found and the last 606has a value of 1. When a matched entry is found, but the last flag 606has a value of 0, the entry can be updated as lorder 866 has a valueequal to the value of the order 604 and the nloc 868 has values equal tosums of the string header location, the string size, and the values ofthe dis info 610. If no match is found, the element can remainunchanged.

In one implementation, when the order and the distance range between twoconsecutive fixed-size signature substrings match one or more elementsof the signature rule list 600, the signature state verifier 184 furtherverifies the string between the two consecutive fixed-size signaturesubstrings in the string field against the one or more variable-sizesignature substrings specified by the one or more elements of thesignature rule list 600. The signature state list 700 is updated withthe new fixed-size signature substring when the string between the twoconsecutive fixed-size signature substrings in the string field matchesa variable-size signature substring specified by the one or moreelements of the signature rule list 600.

Scan System Design and Performance

In one implementation, a speed of the fast string signature scan engine100 can be limited by a speed of the fingerprint scan engine 140, forexample, if the false positive is sufficient small and the laterscanning stages are properly designed. When the fingerprints are scannedboth as a whole and sequentially on different lengths, the speed of thefingerprint scan engine 140 can depend on a combination of the scan stepsize, the number of unique lengths of fingerprints, and the clock rate.In one implementation the speed of the scan engine 100 is substantially(s/m)*R, where the s is the scan step size, the m is the number oflengths of fingerprints, and the R is the clock rate. For example, ifthe scan step size is 8 bytes, the fingerprint lengths are 4, 8, 16, and32 bytes, and the clock rate is 500 MHz, the scan speed of a single scanengine 100 is substantially (8/4)*500 MB/s=8 Gbits/s.

In another implementation, if the fingerprints are scanned in segmentsin parallel and synthesized sequentially for the at-least-one match andthe segment size is the same as the scan step size, the scan speed of asingle scan engine 100 is substantially s*R. In one implementation, thescan engine 100 can scan a string field at 32 Gbps when s and R have thesame values as in the previous example. Additionally, in anotherimplementation, the scan step size and thus the scan speed can befurther increased by n times when the fingerprints are scanned insegments and the segments are synthesized in parallel, where n is thenumber of segments scanned and synthesized in parallel. For the same sand R as in the previous example, the scan engine 100 can scan a stringfield at 128 Gbps using a scan step size of 32 bytes when 4 segments arescanned and synthesized in parallel or n=4.

The scan speeds discussed above are the speed for a single signaturescan engine. In one implementation, the scan speed can be furtherincreased by multiple times when multiple signature scan engines areused in parallel.

In one implementation, the architecture and parameters of a signaturescan system can be selected based on one or more of a string signaturescan speed, sizes of the fixed-size signatures or fixed-size substringsof variable-size signatures, similarity among the signatures orsignature substrings, and the size of the signature database, to ensurethat the fingerprint scan engine 140, the fixed-size signature searchengine 160, and the fixed-size signature search engine 180 can meet aparticular scan system's requirements. For example, the scan step sizecan be selected based on the system requirements. As shown in TABLE 1,the larger the scan step size, the faster the scanning is performed bythe fast string signature scan engine 100. However, there is also anincrease in the minimum size of fixed-size string signature andsignature substrings, as well as the more the insertions and deletions.Large scan step size can also limit the choices of the fingerprints foreach signature and increasing the probability of collisions and falsepositive results.

TABLE 1 SCAN STEP SIZE SELECTION MINIMUM SIZE NUMBER OF SCAN SPEEDUP OFFIXED-SIZE INSERTIONS AND STEP SIZE FACTOR SIGNATURE DELETIONS 1 1 1 1 22 3 2 3 3 5 3 n n 2 * n − 1 n

Additionally, the scan step size and thus the scanning speed can beparticularly limited by the minimum size of the fixed-size stringsignatures and signature substrings. In one implementation, to avoidscanning short string signatures separately, the scan step size can beselected based on the minimum size of the fixed-size string signaturesor signature sub strings according to TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 assumes that every basic unit of all fixed-size signatures andsignature substrings can be used for fingerprints. In oneimplementation, every fixed-size signature or signature substring is afully specified at least in one shadow space. Alternatively, in someother implementations, the scan step size and thus the scanning speedcan be further limited by the minimum size of the fully specifiedshadows of all fixed-size signatures or signature substrings.Consequently the title of the 3^(rd) column of TABLE 1 can become“minimum size of fully specified shadows of all fixed-size signatures orsignature substrings”.

In another implementation, to increase the scan speed, a larger scanstep size can be selected. The string signatures that are shorter thanwhat can be scanned by the scan step size can then be scannedseparately, for example, using scanning methods described above or anyother scan method. Increasing the scan step size can be effective whenonly a small number of fixed-size string signatures or signaturesubstrings are short.

In another implementation, the number of engines in different pipeliningstages can be different. The engines can be selected according to theparticular system's requirements. For example, for a particular system,the configuration can use one preprocessing engine 120, four fingerprintscan engines 140, one fixed-size signature search engine 160, and twovariable-size signature search engines 180.

In one implementation, multiple fingerprint scan engines 140 are usedsuch that each of the fingerprint scan engine 140 covers a list offingerprint lengths for providing multiple resolution fingerprintscanning. In one implementation, all fingerprints are segmented intosegments of a same length and all the fingerprint segments are scannedusing a same scan step size. The number of fingerprint scan enginescovering each list of fingerprint lengths can be the same for all listsof fingerprint lengths.

In another implementation, fingerprints are segmented into segments ofdifferent lengths and fingerprint segments of different lengths arescanned using different scan step sizes according to the average lengthof the fingerprints in a list of fingerprint lengths such that a longerfingerprint segment and a larger scan step size are used for thefingerprints in a list of fingerprint lengths that has a longer averagelength, while a shorter fingerprint segment and a smaller scan step sizeare used for the fingerprints in a list of fingerprint lengths that hasa shorter average length. For example, the fingerprint segment lengthand the scan step size can be 8 basic units for fingerprints of 8, 16,24, 32, and 40 basic units, while the fingerprint segment length and thescan step size can be 2 basic units for fingerprints of 2, 4, and 6basic units.

In order to balance scan speeds of fingerprint scan engines that supportfor different fingerprint segment lengths using different scan stepsizes, in one implementation, more fingerprint scan engines 140 can beused for shorter fingerprint segments scanned in a smaller scan stepsize than those for longer fingerprint segments scanned in a larger scanstep size. In another implementation, in order to balance scan speeds offingerprint scan engines that use memories of different speeds, morefingerprint scan engines 140 can be used when a slower memory is usedthan those when a faster memory is used. In general, in anotherimplementation, the number of fingerprint scan engines can be selectedbased on the product of a scan step size and a memory speed. Morefingerprint scan engines can be used for a smaller product of a scanstep size and a memory speed than those for a larger product of a scanstep size and a memory speed.

In one implementation, multiple fingerprint scan engines 140 having asame scan step size cover non-overlapping, interleaving locations withinan input string field for a same plurality of fingerprints such that theresultant scan step size of the multiple fingerprint scan engines is theproduct of the number of the fingerprint scan engines and the originalscan step size of a single fingerprint scan engine. For example, toprovide a same scan speed, the number of fingerprint scan engines havinga scan step size of 2 units can be 4 times of the number of fingerprintscan engines having a scan step size of 8 units.

In another implementation, multiple fingerprint scan engines 140 havinga same scan step size cover partially overlapping, interleavinglocations within an input string field for a same plurality offingerprints such that the resultant scan step size of the multiplefingerprint scan engines is larger than the original scan step size of asingle fingerprint scan engine, but less than the product of the numberof the fingerprint scan engines and the original scan step size of asingle fingerprint scan engine.

In one implementation, the fingerprint databases 148 for differentfingerprint segment lengths can be stored in memories of differentspeeds such that the memories used for shorter fingerprint segments arefaster than the memories used for longer fingerprint segments. In oneimplementation, the fixed-size signature database 166 for differentlists of fingerprint lengths can be stored in memories of differentspeeds such that the memories used for a list of fingerprints that areshorter in average are faster than the memories used for a list offingerprints that are longer in average.

In one implementation, the fingerprint database 148 for fingerprintsshorter than a particular length (e.g. 9 basic units) is stored in oneof the fastest memories in the scanning system (e.g., on-chip memory orCPU cache). In one implementation, the entire or a portion of fixed-sizesignature database 166 that is for fingerprints shorter than theparticular length are stored in one of the fastest memories in thescanning system along with the fingerprint database 148. In anotherimplementation, multiple fingerprint scan engines for a same list offingerprints can share a fingerprint database 148 stored in amultiple-port memory.

In one implementation, one or more engines in different pipeliningstages discussed above can be replaced by any other scanning methods.For example, in one implementation, a content addressable memory (CAM)is used for scanning the shadows of the fingerprints as the fingerprintscan engine 140 does, while a fixed-size signature search engine 160 anda variable-size signature search engines 180 are used for furthersignature scanning. In another implementation, a CAM can be used forscanning one or more fingerprints in an original space as thefingerprint scan engine 140 does. In one implementation, a deterministicor non-deterministic finite automaton (DFA or NFA) can be used forsynthesizing fingerprint segments as a fingerprint synthesis engine 150does. In another implementation, a DFA or NFA can be used forsynthesizing fixed-size signature substrings into variable-sizesignatures as a variable-size signature search engines 180 does.

Other implementations can be performed on other strings of data. Forexample, biological system such as a sequence of genetic code can beused as a string field. Signatures describing specific genetic sequencescan be used to identify particular genetic sequences from a string fieldof genetic data. For example, particular genes can be identified by aparticular signature and scanned for using the scanning engine.

The invention and all of the functional operations described in thisspecification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or incomputer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structural meansdisclosed in this specification and structural equivalents thereof, orin combinations of them. The invention can be implemented as one or morecomputer program products, i.e., one or more computer programs tangiblyembodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storagedevice or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control theoperation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor,a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program (also known as aprogram, software, software application, or code) can be written in anyform of programming language, including compiled or interpretedlanguages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as astand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unitsuitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does notnecessarily correspond to a file. A program can be stored in a portionof a file that holds other programs or data, in a single file dedicatedto the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g.,files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions ofcode). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computeror on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiplesites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification, includingthe method steps of the invention, can be performed by one or moreprogrammable processors executing one or more computer programs toperform functions of the invention by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus of the invention can be implemented as, specialpurpose logic circuitry, e.g., a FPGA or an ASIC.

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carrierssuitable for embodying computer program instructions and data includeall forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks;magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor andthe memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purposelogic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, the invention can be implementedon a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) orLCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to theuser and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball,by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds ofdevices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; forexample, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensoryfeedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback;and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic,speech, or tactile input.

The invention can be implemented in a computing system that includes aback-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes amiddleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes afront-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical userinterface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with animplementation of the invention, or any combination of such back-end,middle-ware, or front-end components. The components of the system canbe interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication,e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networksinclude a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”),e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

An example of one such type of computer is shown in FIG. 9, which showsa block diagram of a programmable processing system (system) 910suitable for implementing or performing the apparatus or methods of theinvention. The system 910 includes a processor 920, a random accessmemory (RAM) 921, a program memory 922 (for example, a writableread-only memory (ROM) such as a flash ROM), a hard drive controller923, a video controller 931, and an input/output (I/O) controller 924coupled by a processor (CPU) bus 925. The system 910 can bepreprogrammed, in ROM, for example, or it can be programmed (andreprogrammed) by loading a program from another source (for example,from a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, or another computer).

The hard drive controller 923 is coupled to a hard disk 930 suitable forstoring executable computer programs.

The I/O controller 924 is coupled by means of an I/O bus 926 to an I/Ointerface 927. The I/O interface 927 receives and transmits data (e.g.,stills, pictures, movies, and animations for importing into acomposition) in analog or digital form over communication links such asa serial link, local area network, wireless link, and parallel link.

Also coupled to the I/O bus 926 is a display 928 and a keyboard 929.Alternatively, separate connections (separate buses) can be used for theI/O interface 927, display 928 and keyboard 929.

The invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments.Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. Forexample, the steps of the invention can be performed in a differentorder and still achieve desirable results.

What is claimed is:
 1. A processor-implemented method for stringsignature scanning, comprising: receiving, by a processor, a particularstring field comprising a string of data values; scanning, by theprocessor, the particular string field for a plurality of fingerprintswith either a zero or non-zero false positive rate at each possiblelocation for the plurality of fingerprints, where wherein only onefingerprint is selected for each fixed-size signature when the aplurality of signatures includes one or more fixed-size signatures andonly one fingerprint is selected for each of one or more fixed-sizesignature substrings of each variable-size signature when the pluralityof signatures includes one or more variable-size signatures, wherewherein each of the plurality of fingerprints of the plurality ofsignatures is one fragment of a particular fixed-size signature orsignature substring, the one fragment having a particular locationanywhere within the a particular fixed-size signature or signaturesubstring, where wherein two or more of the plurality of fingerprintsare at different locations within their fixed-size signatures orfixed-size signature substrings, where wherein location of a pluralityof basic units is location of the first basic unit of the plurality ofbasic units; searching, by the processor, the particular string fieldfor one or more signatures associated with one or more identifiedfingerprints at each of locations of the one or more signatures, wherewherein location of a particular signature associated with a particularfingerprint in a particular string field is determined by location ofthe particular fingerprint in the particular string field and locationof the particular fingerprint in the particular signature; andoutputting, by the processor, any identified signatures in theparticular string field.
 2. The processor-implemented method of claim 1,where wherein scanning the particular string field for the plurality offingerprints of the plurality of signatures is performed including inone or more shadow spaces, where wherein the shadow spaces are spacesthat introduce some ambiguity to original space such that one singlebasic unit in a particular shadow space corresponds to one or moresingle basic units in the original space, where wherein the originalspace is a space where all basic units are in original format withoutany mapping.
 3. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherewherein scanning the particular string field for the plurality offingerprints of the plurality of signatures includes using one or morehash values of a fragment of the particular string field to look up oneor more of one or more hash tables and one or more bloom filters for theplurality of fingerprints.
 4. The processor-implemented method of claim3, where wherein the one or more of the one or more hash tables and theone or more bloom filters includes using one or both of a hash valuede-multiplexer and a hash key length de-multiplexer.
 5. Theprocessor-implemented method of claim 1, where wherein scanning theparticular string field for the plurality of fingerprints of theplurality of signatures including includes using one or more finiteautomata (FA).
 6. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherewherein scanning the particular string field for the plurality offingerprints of the plurality of signatures including includes using oneor more content addressable memories (CAM).
 7. The processor-implementedmethod of claim 1, where wherein the plurality of fingerprints are fullyspecified.
 8. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, where whereinthe plurality of fingerprints are fully specified either originally orafter being mapped into one or more shadow spaces, where wherein theshadow spaces are spaces that introduce some ambiguity to original spacesuch that one basic unit in a particular shadow space corresponds to oneor more basic units in the original space, where wherein the originalspace is a space where all basic units are in original format withoutany mapping.
 9. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherewherein a plurality of lengths are selected for the plurality offingerprints of the plurality of signatures.
 10. Theprocessor-implemented method of claim 9, where wherein the plurality oflengths are either linear or exponential.
 11. The processor-implementedmethod of claim 1, where wherein scanning the particular string fieldfor the plurality of fingerprints further comprise scanning theparticular string field for a plurality of fingerprint segments of theplurality of fingerprints and synthesizing identified fingerprintsegments into any fingerprint matches, where wherein each of one or moreof the plurality of fingerprints is decomposed into a plurality offingerprint segments.
 12. The processor-implemented method of claim 11,where wherein all of the plurality of fingerprint segments have a samesize.
 13. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, where wherein oneor more additional fingerprints are selected for each fixed-sizesignature when the plurality of signatures includes one or morefixed-size signatures and one or more additional fingerprints areselected for each of one or more fixed-size signature substrings of eachvariable-size signature when the plurality of signatures includes theone or more variable-size signature, where signatures, wherein eachsuccessive fingerprint of a particular fixed-size signature or signaturesubstring having a first basic unit in a scanning direction that isshifted one or more units from the previous fingerprint of theparticular fixed-size signature or signature substrings such that thenumber of fingerprints for the particular fixed-size signature orsignature substrings is equal to a step size for a signature scanningoperation and the particular fixed-size signature or signature substringis identifiable at any location within any string fields to be scanned,where wherein the step size for a signature scanning operation is numberof one or more basic scan units advanced in the string field for asignature scanning operation and the step size is constant for allsignature scanning operations.
 14. The processor-implemented method ofclaim 1, where wherein searching the particular string field for the oneor more signatures associated with the one or more identifiedfingerprints includes comparing the one or more signatures with thecorresponding fragments of the particular string field either entirelyor partially.
 15. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherewherein searching the particular string field for the one or moresignatures associated with the one or more identified fingerprintsincludes comparing the one or more signatures with the correspondingfragments of the particular string field either entirely or partiallywith one or more mask bits including one or more mask bits forspecifying one or more of a don't care, a case-sensitivity, a negation,a predefined range, a logic operation, and an arbitrary range.
 16. Theprocessor-implemented method of claim 1, where wherein searching theparticular string field for the one or more signatures associated withthe one or more identified fingerprints includes using one or morefinite automata (FA).
 17. The processor-implemented method of claim 1,where wherein searching the particular string field for the one or moresignatures associated with the one or more identified fingerprints ateach of locations of the one or more signatures further comprisingcomprises: searching, by the processor, the particular string field forthe one or more fixed-size signatures or signature substrings associatedwith one or more identified fingerprints at each of locations of the oneor more fixed-size signatures or signature substrings, where whereinlocation of a particular fixed-size signature or signature substringassociated with a particular fingerprint in a particular string field isdetermined by location of the particular fingerprint in the string fieldand location of the particular fingerprint in the particular fixed-sizesignature or signature substring; and searching, by the processor, theparticular string field for one or more variable-size signaturesassociated with one or more identified fixed-size signature substringsat each of locations where the one or more fixed-size signaturesubstrings are found.
 18. The processor-implemented method of claim 17,where wherein searching, by the processor, the particular string fieldfor the one or more fixed-size signatures or signature substringsincludes comparing the one or more fixed-size signatures or fixed-sizesignature substrings with the corresponding fragments of the particularstring field either entirely or partially.
 19. The processor-implementedmethod of claim 17, where wherein searching the particular string fieldfor the one or more fixed-size signatures or signature substringsincludes comparing the one or more fixed-size signatures or fixed-sizesignature substrings with the corresponding fragments of the particularstring field either entirely or partially with one or more mask bitsincluding one or more mask bits for specifying one or more of a don'tcare, a case-sensitivity, a negation, a pre-defined range, a logicoperation, and an arbitrary range.
 20. The processor-implemented methodof claim 17, where wherein searching the particular string field for theone or more fixed-size signatures or signature substrings includes usingone or more finite automata (FA).
 21. The processor-implemented methodof claim 17, where wherein searching the particular string field for theone or more variable-size signatures associated with the one or moreidentified fixed-size signature substrings includes one or more ofchecking location information of each of the one or more identifiedfixed-size signature substrings, verifying identification of each of theone or more variable-size signatures, and updating a signature synthesisstate for the one or more variable-size signatures.
 22. Theprocessor-implemented method of claim 21, where wherein checking thelocation information of each of the one or more identified fixed-sizesignature substrings includes checking one or more of an order, adistance or distance range to the next fixed-size signature substring,and a last flag.
 23. The processor-implemented method of claim 17, wherewherein searching the particular string field for the one or morevariable-size signatures includes using one or more finite automata(FA).
 24. The processor-implemented method of claim 23, where whereineach of the one or more finite automata (FA) is for one or morevariable-size signatures.
 25. The processor-implemented method of claim17, where wherein the fixed-size signature substrings of thevariable-size signatures are as long as possible.
 26. Theprocessor-implemented method of claim 17, where wherein one or morevariable-size substrings of the variable-size signatures is other thanarbitrary basic units of arbitrary length.
 27. The processor-implementedmethod of claim 1, where wherein scanning the particular string fieldfor the plurality of fingerprints of the plurality of signatures isperformed in original space, where and wherein the original space is aspace where all basic units are in original format without any mapping.28. The processor-implemented method of claim 2, where wherein a shadowspace is a space after changing all the characters in both upper andlower cases in the original space to a same case or all numerical digitsfrom 0 to 9 in the original space to a same digit or both “space” and inthe original space to one of a “space” or “_”.
 29. A string signaturescanning system used to inspect an incoming data stream, said datastream comprising packet source address information, destination addressinformation, transmission sequence information, and payload content, thesystem comprising: a non-transitory machine-readable storage deviceincluding a computer program; and one or more processors or one or morespecial purpose logic circuits that execute the computer program, andperform operations including providing one or more modules including: afirst set of scan engines that includes either one scan engine or aplurality of parallel identical scan engines which scan a string fieldcomprising a string of data values for a first set of one or moresignatures using a first scan step size of single scan engine, andidentify any of the first set of signatures anywhere within the stringfield; and a second set of scan engines that includes a plurality ofparallel identical scan engines which scan the string field for a secondset of one or more signatures using a second scan step size of singlescan engine, and identify any of the second set of signatures anywherewithin the string field;, wherewherein the first scan step size ofsingle scan engine is larger than the second scan step size of singlescan engine while the first set of scan engines has a smaller number ofscan engines than the second set of scan engines such that a firstproduct of the first scan step size of single scan engine and the numberof scan engines of the first set of scan engines is the same as a secondproduct of the second scan step size of single scan engine and thenumber of scan engines of the second set of scan engines, wherewhereinthe scan step size of single scan engine is a number of one or morebasic scan units advanced in the string field for a signature scanningoperation when a single scan engine is used and the scan step size ofsingle scan engine is constant for all signature scanning operations,whereand wherein the first product isand second product result from amultiplication operation.
 30. The method string signature scanningsystem of claim 29, where wherein the plurality of parallel identicalscan engines of a particular set of scan engines covering a plurality ofsets of non-overlapping and interleaving locations in the particularstring field such that the resultant scan step size of the set of scanengines is a product of the scan step size of single scan engine of theset of scan engines and the number of scan engines of the set of scanengines.
 31. A string signature scanning system, the system comprising:a non-transitory machine-readable storage device including a computerprogram; and one or more processors or one or more special purpose logiccircuits that execute the computer program, and perform operationsincluding providing one or more modules including: a fingerprint scanengine which scans a string field for a plurality of non-hashedfingerprints of a plurality of signatures with either a zero or non-zerofalse positive rate, where wherein only one first fingerprint isselected for each fixed-size signature when the plurality of signaturesincludes one or more fixed-size signatures and only one secondfingerprint is selected for each of one or more fixed-size signaturesubstrings of each variable-size signature when the plurality ofsignatures includes one or more variable-size signatures, where whereineach of the plurality of fingerprints of the plurality of signatures isone fragment of a particular fixed-size signature or signaturesubstring, the one fragment having a particular location anywhere withinthe particular fixed-size signature or signature substring, wherewherein two or more of the plurality of fingerprints are at differentlocations within their fixed-size signatures or fixed-size signaturesubstrings, where wherein a location of a plurality of basic units isthe location of the first basic unit of the plurality of basic units;and a signature search engine which searches the string field for one ormore signatures associated with one or more identified fingerprints inthe event the one or more fingerprints are identified by the fingerprintscan engine; wherewherein the fingerprint scan engine and the signaturesearch engine are connected in serial fashion and formedcombined to forma multiple-pipeline stage scanning system such that the fingerprint scanengine scans the string field for the plurality of fingerprints in anearlya first pipeline stage and the signature search engine searches thestring field for the one or more signatures associated with the one ormore identified fingerprints in a later pipeline stage.
 32. The stringsignature scanning system of claim 31, where wherein the fingerprintscan engine scans the string field for the plurality of fingerprints inoriginal space, where wherein the original space is a space where allbasic units are in original format without any mapping.
 33. The stringsignature scanning system of claim 31, where wherein the fingerprintscan engine scans the string field for the plurality of fingerprintsincluding in one or more shadow spaces, where the shadow spaces arespaces that introduce some ambiguity to original space such that onesingle basic unit in a particular shadow space corresponds to one ormore single basic units in the original space, where the original spaceis a space where all basic units are in original format without anymapping.
 34. The string signature scanning system of claim 33, wherewherein a shadow space is a space after changing all the characters inboth upper and lower cases in the original space to a same case or allnumerical digits from 0 to 9 in the original space to a same digit orboth “space” and “-” in the original space to one of a “space” or “-”.35. The string signature scanning system of claim 31, where wherein thefingerprint scan engine includes one or more hash engines and one ormore of one or more hash tables and one or more bloom filters.
 36. Thestring signature scanning system of claim 35, where wherein the one ormore of one or more hash tables and one or more bloom filters includesusing one or both of a hash value de-multiplexer and a hash key lengthde-multiplexer.
 37. The string signature scanning system of claim 31,where wherein the fingerprint scan engine includes one or more finiteautomata (FA).
 38. The string signature scanning system of claim 31,where wherein the fingerprint scan engine includes one or more contentaddressable memories (CAM).
 39. The string signature scanning system ofclaim 31, where wherein the plurality of fingerprints are fullyspecified.
 40. The string signature scanning system of claim 31, wherewherein the plurality of fingerprints are fully specified eitheroriginally or after being mapped into one or more shadow spaces, wherethe shadow spaces are spaces that introduce some ambiguity to originalspace such that one basic unit in a particular shadow space correspondsto one or more basic units in the original space, where the originalspace is a space where all basic units are in original format withoutany mapping.
 41. The string signature scanning system of claim 31, wherewherein a plurality of lengths are selected for the plurality offingerprints of the plurality of signatures.
 42. The string signaturescanning system of claim 41, where wherein the plurality of lengths areeither linear or exponential.
 43. The string signature scanning systemof claim 31, where wherein the fingerprint scan engine comprises afingerprint segment scan engine and a fingerprint synthesis engine. 44.The string signature scanning system of claim 43, where wherein allfingerprint segments have a same size.
 45. The string signature scanningsystem of claim 31, where wherein one or more additional fingerprintsare selected for each fixed-size signature when the plurality ofsignatures includes one or more fixed-size signatures and one or moreadditional fingerprints are selected for each of one or more fixed-sizesignature substrings of each variable-size signature when the pluralityof signatures includes one or more variable-size signature, wherewherein each successive fingerprint of a particular fixed-size signatureor signature substring having a first basic unit in a scanning directionthat is shifted one or more units from the previous fingerprint of theparticular fixed-size signature or signature substrings such that thenumber of fingerprints for the particular fixed-size signature orsignature substrings is equal to a step size for a signature scanningoperation and the particular fixed-size signature or signature substringis identifiable at any location within any string fields to be scanned,where wherein the step size for a signature scanning operation is numberof one or more basic scan units advanced in the string field for asignature scanning operation and the step size is constant for allsignature scanning operations.
 46. The string signature scanning systemof claim 31, where wherein the signature search engine compares the oneor more signatures associated with one or more identified fingerprintswith the corresponding fragments of the string field either entirely orpartially.
 47. The string signature scanning system of claim 31, wherewherein the signature search engine compares the one or more signaturesassociated with one or more identified fingerprints with thecorresponding fragments of the string field either entirely or partiallywith one or more mask bits including one or more mask bits forspecifying one or more of a don't care, a case-sensitivity, a negation,a pre-defined range, a logic operation, and an arbitrary range.
 48. Thestring signature scanning system of claim 31, where wherein thesignature search engine includes one or more finite automata (FA). 49.The string signature scanning system of claim 31, where wherein thesignature search engine further comprising: a fixed-size signaturesearch engine which searches the string field for one or more fixed-sizesignatures or signature substrings associated with one or moreidentified fingerprints in the event the one or more fingerprints areidentified by the fingerprint scan engine; and a variable-size signaturesearch engine which searches the string field for one or morevariable-size signatures associated with one or more identifiedfixed-size signature substrings in the event the one or more fixed-sizesignature substrings are identified by the fixed-size signature searchengine.
 50. The string signature scanning system of claim 49, wherewherein the fixed-size signature search engine compares the one or morefixed-size signatures or signature substrings with the correspondingfragments of the particular string field either entirely or partially.51. The string signature scanning system of claim 49, where wherein thefixed-size signature search engine compares the one or more fixed-sizesignatures or signature substrings with the corresponding fragments ofthe particular string field either entirely or partially with one ormore mask bits including one or more mask bits for specifying one ormore of a don't care, a case-sensitivity, a negation, a pre-definedrange, a logic operation, and an arbitrary range.
 52. The stringsignature scanning system of claim 49, where wherein the fixed-sizesignature search engine includes one or more finite automata (FA). 53.The string signature scanning system of claim 49, where wherein thevariable-size signature search engine performs one or more of checkinglocation information of each of the one or more identified fixed-sizesignature substrings, verifying identification of each of the one ormore variable-size signatures, and updating a signature synthesis statefor the one or more variable-size signatures.
 54. The string signaturescanning system of claim 53, where wherein checking the locationinformation of each of the one or more identified fixed-size signaturesubstrings includes checking one or more of an order, a distance ordistance range to the next fixed-size signature substring, and a lastflag.
 55. The string signature scanning system of claim 49, wherewherein the variable-size signature search engine includes one or morefinite automata (FA).
 56. The string signature scanning system of claim55, where wherein each of the one or more finite automata (FA) is forone or more variable-size signatures.
 57. The string signature scanningsystem of claim 49, where wherein the fixed-size signature substrings ofthe variable-size signatures are as long as possible.
 58. The stringsignature scanning system of claim 49, where wherein one or morevariable-size substrings of the variable-size signatures is other thanarbitrary basic units of arbitrary length.
 59. The string signaturescanning system of claim 31, wherein the processor comprises multipleprocessing devices.
 60. The string signature scanning system of claim31, wherein the processor is configured to perform parallel processing.61. The string signature scanning system of claim 31, wherein the hasheddata value is stored substantially in an on-chip memory comprising anon-transitory machine-readable volatile memory device.
 62. The stringsignature scanning system of claim 31, wherein the hashed data value isstored substantially in an off-chip memory comprising a non-transitorymachine-readable volatile memory device.
 63. The string signaturescanning system of claim 31, wherein the hashed data value is stored ina table located at least partially on an on-chip memory of the one ormore processors or one or more special purpose logic circuits.
 64. Thestring signature scanning system of claim 31, wherein the one or moreprocessors comprises at least one of an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), system on a chip(SoC), and central processing unit (CPU).